Abstract：
Plastic pollution is a global concern that has grown ever more acute in recent years. Most research has focused on the impact of plastic pollution in marine environments. However, plastic is increasingly being detected in terrestrial and freshwater environments with key inland sources including landfills, where it is accessible to a wide range of organisms. Birds are effective bioindicators of pollutants for many reasons, including their high mobility and high intra- and interspecific variation in trophic levels. Freshwater and terrestrial bird species are under-represented in plastic pollution research compared to marine species. We reviewed 106 studies (spanning from 1994 onwards) that have detected plastics in bird species dwelling in freshwater and/or terrestrial habitats, identifying knowledge gaps. Seventy-two studies focused solely on macroplastics (fragments >5 mm), compared to 22 microplastic (fragments <5 mm) studies. A further 12 studies identified plastics as both microplastics and macroplastics. No study investigated nanoplastic (particles <100 nm) exposure. Research to date has geographical and species\' biases while ignoring nanoplastic sequestration in free-living freshwater, terrestrial and marine bird species. Building on the baseline search presented here, we urge researchers to develop and validate standardised field sampling techniques and laboratory analytical protocols such as Raman spectroscopy to allow for the quantification and identification of micro- and nanoplastics in terrestrial and freshwater environments and the species therein. Future studies should consistently report the internalised and background concentrations, types, sizes and forms of plastics. This will enable a better understanding of the sources of plastic pollution and their routes of exposure to birds of terrestrial and freshwater environments, providing a more comprehensive insight into the potential impacts on birds.
摘要：
塑料污染是全球关注的问题，近年来变得越来越严重。大多数研究都集中在海洋环境中塑料污染的影响上。然而,在陆地和淡水环境中越来越多地检测到塑料，主要的内陆来源包括垃圾填埋场，它可以被广泛的生物所接近。由于许多原因，鸟类是污染物的有效生物指标，包括它们的高流动性和营养水平的高种内和种间变化。与海洋物种相比，淡水和陆生鸟类在塑料污染研究中的代表性不足。我们回顾了106项研究（从1994年起），这些研究发现了居住在淡水和/或陆地栖息地的鸟类中的塑料。识别知识差距。72项研究仅针对大型塑料（碎片>5毫米），与22个微塑料（碎片<5毫米）研究相比。进一步的12项研究将塑料确定为微塑料和大型塑料。没有研究调查纳米塑料(颗粒<100nm)暴露。迄今为止的研究具有地理和物种偏见，而忽略了自由生活淡水中的纳米塑料固存，陆地和海洋鸟类。在这里提供的基线搜索基础上，我们敦促研究人员开发和验证标准化的现场采样技术和实验室分析方案，如拉曼光谱，以便对陆地和淡水环境中的微米和纳米塑料及其中的物种进行定量和识别。未来的研究应该始终如一地报告内在化和背景浓度，类型,塑料的尺寸和形式。这将有助于更好地了解塑料污染的来源及其接触陆地和淡水环境鸟类的途径，更全面地了解对鸟类的潜在影响。
