Abstract：
Electron microscopy (EM) techniques play a vital role in virology research including phage discovery and their identification. The use of different staining protocols based on the concept of negative staining is one of the most important steps in the EM processing. This chapter will summarize the widely used EM protocols in phage research, their advantages, and limitations. Phage-based therapy, especially recently developed nanoparticle-phage conjugates, are expected to find clinical significance in the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) epidemic. EM techniques are important to characterize these conjugates and we will also discuss the methods here.
摘要：
电子显微镜（EM）技术在病毒学研究中起着至关重要的作用，包括噬菌体发现及其鉴定。使用基于负染色概念的不同染色方案是EM处理中最重要的步骤之一。本章将总结在噬菌体研究中广泛使用的EM协议，他们的优势,和限制。基于噬菌体的治疗，特别是最近开发的纳米颗粒-噬菌体结合物，有望在抗菌素耐药性（AMR）流行中找到临床意义。EM技术对于表征这些缀合物是重要的,并且我们还将在这里讨论方法。
