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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: In Bosnia and Herzegovina, domestic and wild carnivores represent a significant driver for the transmission and ecology of zoonotic pathogens, especially those of parasitic aetiology. Nevertheless, there is no systematic research of Trichinella species in animals that have been conducted in Bosnia and Herzegovina, even though trichinellosis is considered the most important parasitic zoonosis. The available results of the few studies carried out in Bosnia and Herzegovina are mainly related to the confirmation of parasitic larvae in the musculature of domestic pigs and wild boars or data related to trichinellosis in humans. The objective of our study was to present the findings of a comprehensive investigation into the species composition of Trichinella among 11 carnivorous species within the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, as follows: red fox (Vulpes vulpes), grey wolf (Canis lupus), brown bear (Ursus arctos), wildcat (Felis silvestris), pine marten (Martes martes), European badger (Meles meles), weasel (Mustela nivalis), European polecat (Mustela putorius), Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx), but also dog (Canis lupus familiaris) and cat (Felis catus).
RESULTS: In the period 2013-2023, carnivore musculature samples (n = 629), each consisting of 10 g of muscle tissue, were taken post-mortem and individually examined using the artificial digestion method. In the positive samples (n = 128), molecular genotyping and identification of parasitic larvae of Trichinella spp. were performed using a PCR-based technique up to the species/genotype level. Positive samples were used for basic PCR detection of the genus Trichinella (rrnS rt-PCR technique) and genotyping (rrnl-EVS rt-PCR technique). The Trichinella infection was documented for the first time in Bosnia and Herzegovina among red foxes, grey wolves, brown bears, dogs, badgers and Eurasian lynx, with a frequency rate of 20.3%. Additionally, the presence of T. britovi infection was newly confirmed in Bosnia and Herzegovina, marking the initial documented cases. Furthermore, both T. britovi and T. pseudospiralis infections were observed in the wildcat population, whereas T. britovi and T. spiralis infections were detected in pine martens. Consistent with previous research, our findings align particularly regarding carnivores, with data from other countries such as Germany, Finland, Romania, Poland and Spain, where T. britovi exhibits a wider distribution (62.5-100%) compared to T. spiralis (0.0-37.5%). T. britovi is more common among sylvatic carnivores (89.0%), while T. spiralis prevails in wild boars (62.0%), domestic swine (82.0%) and rodents (75.0%).
CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study represent the first molecular identification of species of the genus Trichinella in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Additionally, our findings underscore the necessity for targeted epidemiological studies to thoroughly assess trichinellosis prevalence across diverse animal populations. Considering the relatively high frequency of trichinellosis infection in investigated animal species and its public health implications, there is an evident need for establishing an effective trichinellosis surveillance system in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
RESULTS: In the period 2013-2023, carnivore musculature samples (n = 629), each consisting of 10 g of muscle tissue, were taken post-mortem and individually examined using the artificial digestion method. In the positive samples (n = 128), molecular genotyping and identification of parasitic larvae of Trichinella spp. were performed using a PCR-based technique up to the species/genotype level. Positive samples were used for basic PCR detection of the genus Trichinella (rrnS rt-PCR technique) and genotyping (rrnl-EVS rt-PCR technique). The Trichinella infection was documented for the first time in Bosnia and Herzegovina among red foxes, grey wolves, brown bears, dogs, badgers and Eurasian lynx, with a frequency rate of 20.3%. Additionally, the presence of T. britovi infection was newly confirmed in Bosnia and Herzegovina, marking the initial documented cases. Furthermore, both T. britovi and T. pseudospiralis infections were observed in the wildcat population, whereas T. britovi and T. spiralis infections were detected in pine martens. Consistent with previous research, our findings align particularly regarding carnivores, with data from other countries such as Germany, Finland, Romania, Poland and Spain, where T. britovi exhibits a wider distribution (62.5-100%) compared to T. spiralis (0.0-37.5%). T. britovi is more common among sylvatic carnivores (89.0%), while T. spiralis prevails in wild boars (62.0%), domestic swine (82.0%) and rodents (75.0%).
CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study represent the first molecular identification of species of the genus Trichinella in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Additionally, our findings underscore the necessity for targeted epidemiological studies to thoroughly assess trichinellosis prevalence across diverse animal populations. Considering the relatively high frequency of trichinellosis infection in investigated animal species and its public health implications, there is an evident need for establishing an effective trichinellosis surveillance system in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
摘要：
背景：在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那，家养和野生食肉动物是人畜共患病原体传播和生态的重要驱动力，尤其是寄生虫的病因.然而，在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那没有对动物中的旋毛虫物种进行系统的研究，尽管旋毛虫病被认为是最重要的寄生虫人畜共患病。在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那进行的少数研究的现有结果主要与家猪和野猪肌肉组织中寄生虫幼虫的确认或与人类旋毛虫病有关的数据有关。我们研究的目的是介绍对波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那境内11种食肉物种中旋毛虫的物种组成进行全面调查的结果，如下：红狐狸(Vulpesvulpes)，灰狼（犬狼疮），棕熊（Ursusarctos），野猫（Felissilvestris），松树貂（Martesmartes），欧洲badge（Melesmeles），黄鼠狼（Mustelanivalis），欧洲polecat（Mustelaputorius），欧亚山猫（Lynxlynx），还有狗（犬狼疮）和猫（Feliscatus）。
结果：在2013-2023年期间，食肉动物肌肉组织样本（n=629），每个由10克肌肉组织组成，进行验尸，并使用人工消化方法进行单独检查。在正样本中（n=128），旋毛虫寄生幼虫的分子分型与鉴定.使用基于PCR的技术进行，直至物种/基因型水平。阳性样品用于旋毛虫属的基本PCR检测（rrnSrt-PCR技术）和基因分型（rrnl-EVSrt-PCR技术）。首次在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的红狐狸中记录了旋毛虫感染，灰狼,棕熊,狗,badgers和欧亚山猫，频率为20.3%。此外,波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那新近确认了T.britovi感染的存在，标记最初记录的案件。此外，在野猫种群中观察到T.britovi和假螺旋藻感染，而松树貂中检测到T.britovi和T.spiralis感染。与以前的研究一致，我们的发现特别是关于食肉动物，来自德国等其他国家的数据，芬兰,罗马尼亚,波兰和西班牙,其中T.britovi表现出更广泛的分布（62.5-100％）与T.spialis（0.0-37.5％）相比。T.britovi在热带食肉动物中更常见(89.0%)，而旋毛虫在野猪中占优势(62.0%)，家猪(82.0%)和啮齿动物(75.0%)。
结论：我们的研究结果代表了波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那旋毛虫属物种的首次分子鉴定。此外,我们的研究结果强调了有针对性的流行病学研究的必要性,以彻底评估不同动物种群的旋毛虫病患病率.考虑到被调查动物种类中旋毛虫病感染的频率相对较高及其对公共卫生的影响，显然需要在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那建立有效的旋毛虫病监测系统。
结果：在2013-2023年期间，食肉动物肌肉组织样本（n=629），每个由10克肌肉组织组成，进行验尸，并使用人工消化方法进行单独检查。在正样本中（n=128），旋毛虫寄生幼虫的分子分型与鉴定.使用基于PCR的技术进行，直至物种/基因型水平。阳性样品用于旋毛虫属的基本PCR检测（rrnSrt-PCR技术）和基因分型（rrnl-EVSrt-PCR技术）。首次在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的红狐狸中记录了旋毛虫感染，灰狼,棕熊,狗,badgers和欧亚山猫，频率为20.3%。此外,波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那新近确认了T.britovi感染的存在，标记最初记录的案件。此外，在野猫种群中观察到T.britovi和假螺旋藻感染，而松树貂中检测到T.britovi和T.spiralis感染。与以前的研究一致，我们的发现特别是关于食肉动物，来自德国等其他国家的数据，芬兰,罗马尼亚,波兰和西班牙,其中T.britovi表现出更广泛的分布（62.5-100％）与T.spialis（0.0-37.5％）相比。T.britovi在热带食肉动物中更常见(89.0%)，而旋毛虫在野猪中占优势(62.0%)，家猪(82.0%)和啮齿动物(75.0%)。
结论：我们的研究结果代表了波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那旋毛虫属物种的首次分子鉴定。此外,我们的研究结果强调了有针对性的流行病学研究的必要性,以彻底评估不同动物种群的旋毛虫病患病率.考虑到被调查动物种类中旋毛虫病感染的频率相对较高及其对公共卫生的影响，显然需要在波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那建立有效的旋毛虫病监测系统。
