Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide. Fasting is common in many religions and is associated with health benefits. This systematic review to compares the impact of different religious fasting practices, on risk of cardiometabolic diseases.
RESULTS: The search covered five databases following PRISMA guidelines to identify papers published in English from inception to March 2023 (updated January 2024). Inclusion criteria were healthy adults in observational studies, who engaged in religious fasting practices, studies were included where data on matched non-fasting individuals was available. Outcomes were systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), and fasting plasma glucose levels. A meta-analysis was conducted, and the review was registered (CRD42022352197). Fourteen studies were met the inclusion criteria with ten studies data being suitable for meta-analysis, reporting on 755 adults participating in fasting practices and 661 non-fasting controls. Religious fasting was associated with a reduction in BMI (-0.40 kg/m2, 95% CI [-0.70, -0.10], p < 0.01). Observance of Ramadan fasting was associated with decreased systolic blood pressure (-3.83 mmHg, 95% CI [-7.44, -0.23], p = 0.04). The observance of Orthodox Christian fasting was associated with a reduction in TC (-0.52 mmoL/l, 95%CI [-0.64, -0.39], p < 0.01). No difference was found for the other outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS: This review found religious fasting practices which were associated with a reduction in some biomarkers of cardiometabolic diseases risk. Further research on other fasting practices is needed due to limited data.
RESULTS: The search covered five databases following PRISMA guidelines to identify papers published in English from inception to March 2023 (updated January 2024). Inclusion criteria were healthy adults in observational studies, who engaged in religious fasting practices, studies were included where data on matched non-fasting individuals was available. Outcomes were systolic and diastolic blood pressure, body mass index (BMI), triglycerides, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc), and fasting plasma glucose levels. A meta-analysis was conducted, and the review was registered (CRD42022352197). Fourteen studies were met the inclusion criteria with ten studies data being suitable for meta-analysis, reporting on 755 adults participating in fasting practices and 661 non-fasting controls. Religious fasting was associated with a reduction in BMI (-0.40 kg/m2, 95% CI [-0.70, -0.10], p < 0.01). Observance of Ramadan fasting was associated with decreased systolic blood pressure (-3.83 mmHg, 95% CI [-7.44, -0.23], p = 0.04). The observance of Orthodox Christian fasting was associated with a reduction in TC (-0.52 mmoL/l, 95%CI [-0.64, -0.39], p < 0.01). No difference was found for the other outcomes.
CONCLUSIONS: This review found religious fasting practices which were associated with a reduction in some biomarkers of cardiometabolic diseases risk. Further research on other fasting practices is needed due to limited data.
摘要：
目的：心血管疾病（CVD）是全球主要的死亡原因。禁食在许多宗教中很常见，并且与健康益处有关。这篇系统的综述比较了不同宗教禁食做法的影响，心脏代谢疾病的风险。
结果：搜索涵盖了遵循PRISMA指南的五个数据库，以识别从成立到2023年3月（2024年1月更新）以英文发表的论文。纳入标准是观察性研究中的健康成年人，从事宗教禁食活动的人，纳入的研究有匹配的非空腹个体的数据.结果是收缩压和舒张压，体重指数（BMI），甘油三酯，总胆固醇(TC),低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDLc），高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDLc），和空腹血糖水平。进行了荟萃分析，和审查注册（CRD42022352197）。14项研究符合纳入标准，其中10项研究数据适用于荟萃分析，报告了755名成年人参加禁食实践和661名非禁食对照。宗教禁食与BMI降低相关(-0.40kg/m2,95%CI[-0.70,-0.10],p<0.01)。斋月禁食的观察与收缩压降低有关（-3.83mmHg，95%CI[-7.44，-0.23]，p=0.04)。遵守东正教禁食与TC降低有关（-0.52mmoL/l，95CI[-0.64，-0.39]，p<0.01)。其他结果没有发现差异。
结论：本综述发现，宗教禁食与一些心脏代谢疾病的生物标志物风险降低有关。由于数据有限，需要进一步研究其他禁食做法。
结果：搜索涵盖了遵循PRISMA指南的五个数据库，以识别从成立到2023年3月（2024年1月更新）以英文发表的论文。纳入标准是观察性研究中的健康成年人，从事宗教禁食活动的人，纳入的研究有匹配的非空腹个体的数据.结果是收缩压和舒张压，体重指数（BMI），甘油三酯，总胆固醇(TC),低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDLc），高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDLc），和空腹血糖水平。进行了荟萃分析，和审查注册（CRD42022352197）。14项研究符合纳入标准，其中10项研究数据适用于荟萃分析，报告了755名成年人参加禁食实践和661名非禁食对照。宗教禁食与BMI降低相关(-0.40kg/m2,95%CI[-0.70,-0.10],p<0.01)。斋月禁食的观察与收缩压降低有关（-3.83mmHg，95%CI[-7.44，-0.23]，p=0.04)。遵守东正教禁食与TC降低有关（-0.52mmoL/l，95CI[-0.64，-0.39]，p<0.01)。其他结果没有发现差异。
结论：本综述发现，宗教禁食与一些心脏代谢疾病的生物标志物风险降低有关。由于数据有限，需要进一步研究其他禁食做法。
