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Abstract：
Feed is a major input in the livestock industry and covers about 60%-70% of the total cost of producing meat, milk and eggs. Inadequate feed supply in terms of quality and quantity leads to lower production performance in livestock. However, the development of an appropriate livestock production strategy through efficient utilization of existing feed resources could raise the production and per capita consumption of livestock products. Efficiency of feed resource utilization can be measured as the ratio between input to production activities and output (e.g. kg of protein used per unit of meat, milk and eggs produced or hectare of land used per unit of milk produced).
This study was designed with the objective of evaluating the livestock population and national feed security to enhance livestock productivity in Ethiopia. To achieve this objective, data were collected from the websites of the Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency from 2007 to 2021, FAO publications and websites, books and journals. The data obtained on different feed resources, livestock population and livestock feed requirement and balance were entered into an MS Excel spread sheet (Excel, 2010) and analysed using the general linear model (PRO GLM) procedure of SAS (2014) and multivariate analysis of covariance.
The study results revealed that the livestock population had increased from 58.31 million tropical livestock units (TLU) to 81.10 million tropical livestock units (TLU), and the emission of entericCH4 had increased from 2511.08 Gg/year to 3661.74 Gg/year from 2008 to 2021. The study results also showed that the major available feed resources for ruminants are natural pasture and crop residues, which account for 56.83% (87.56 × 106 ) and 37.37% (57.57 × 106 ) of total feed production in the country, respectively. The contribution of concentrate and improved cultivated pasture and feed from permanent crops used as feed sources is very insignificant (3.05% and 1.96%, respectively). The estimated quantity of these feed resources was sufficient to meet the livestock feed requirement in the country in terms of dry matter (DM), digestible crude protein (DCP) and MEJ, which estimated about 153.31 × 106 t, 4.56 × 106 t and 1203.97 × 109 MJ DM, DCP and MEJ, respectively. The estimated livestock feed requirements were 134.62 × 106 , 4.52 × 106 , and 918.83 × 109 in DM, DCP and MEJ, respectively. The supply covered about 114.33, 100.04 and 131.33% of the DM, DCP and MEJ total annual feed requirements of livestock in the country. Hence, the current feed surplus obtained on feed requirements of ruminants and equines can support the nutrient requirements of 500 × 106 broilers, about 5 × 106 bulls, about 50 × 106 small ruminants or 3 × 106 crossbred lactating dairy cows, yielding 10 L of milk per day.
The findings of study indicated that natural pasture and crop residues cover a major proportion of the annual feed supply in the country. Therefore, proper grazing management, feed conservation practices, improving grazing land vegetation through clearing invasive species, replacing the grazing land with an improved grass and legume mixture, effective collection, conservation and proper utilization of crop residues, and other alternative options such as the use of chemical, physical and biological treatments to improve the nutritive value of fibrous feed should be practiced. More effective extension services and farmer training are also required to increase feed productivity and, hence, human development.
This study was designed with the objective of evaluating the livestock population and national feed security to enhance livestock productivity in Ethiopia. To achieve this objective, data were collected from the websites of the Ethiopian Central Statistical Agency from 2007 to 2021, FAO publications and websites, books and journals. The data obtained on different feed resources, livestock population and livestock feed requirement and balance were entered into an MS Excel spread sheet (Excel, 2010) and analysed using the general linear model (PRO GLM) procedure of SAS (2014) and multivariate analysis of covariance.
The study results revealed that the livestock population had increased from 58.31 million tropical livestock units (TLU) to 81.10 million tropical livestock units (TLU), and the emission of entericCH4 had increased from 2511.08 Gg/year to 3661.74 Gg/year from 2008 to 2021. The study results also showed that the major available feed resources for ruminants are natural pasture and crop residues, which account for 56.83% (87.56 × 106 ) and 37.37% (57.57 × 106 ) of total feed production in the country, respectively. The contribution of concentrate and improved cultivated pasture and feed from permanent crops used as feed sources is very insignificant (3.05% and 1.96%, respectively). The estimated quantity of these feed resources was sufficient to meet the livestock feed requirement in the country in terms of dry matter (DM), digestible crude protein (DCP) and MEJ, which estimated about 153.31 × 106 t, 4.56 × 106 t and 1203.97 × 109 MJ DM, DCP and MEJ, respectively. The estimated livestock feed requirements were 134.62 × 106 , 4.52 × 106 , and 918.83 × 109 in DM, DCP and MEJ, respectively. The supply covered about 114.33, 100.04 and 131.33% of the DM, DCP and MEJ total annual feed requirements of livestock in the country. Hence, the current feed surplus obtained on feed requirements of ruminants and equines can support the nutrient requirements of 500 × 106 broilers, about 5 × 106 bulls, about 50 × 106 small ruminants or 3 × 106 crossbred lactating dairy cows, yielding 10 L of milk per day.
The findings of study indicated that natural pasture and crop residues cover a major proportion of the annual feed supply in the country. Therefore, proper grazing management, feed conservation practices, improving grazing land vegetation through clearing invasive species, replacing the grazing land with an improved grass and legume mixture, effective collection, conservation and proper utilization of crop residues, and other alternative options such as the use of chemical, physical and biological treatments to improve the nutritive value of fibrous feed should be practiced. More effective extension services and farmer training are also required to increase feed productivity and, hence, human development.
摘要：
背景：饲料是畜牧业的主要投入，占生产肉类总成本的60％-70％，牛奶和鸡蛋在质量和数量方面的饲料供应不足导致牲畜的生产性能下降。然而,通过有效利用现有饲料资源制定适当的畜牧业生产战略，可以提高畜产品的产量和人均消费量。饲料资源利用效率可以用投入与生产活动和产出之间的比率来衡量（例如，每单位肉使用的蛋白质千克，生产的牛奶和鸡蛋或每单位生产的牛奶使用的土地公顷)。
方法：本研究旨在评估埃塞俄比亚的牲畜种群和国家饲料安全，以提高牲畜生产力。为了实现这一目标,2007年至2021年，数据来自埃塞俄比亚中央统计局的网站、粮农组织的出版物和网站，书籍和期刊。在不同饲料资源上获得的数据，牲畜种群和牲畜饲料需求和平衡被输入到MSExcel电子表格(Excel，2010)，并使用SAS(2014)的一般线性模型(PROGLM)程序和多变量协方差分析进行分析。
结果：研究结果表明，牲畜种群从5831万热带牲畜单位（TLU）增加到8110万热带牲畜单位（TLU），从2008年到2021年，肠内CH4的排放量从2511.08Gg/年增加到3661.74Gg/年。研究结果还表明，反刍动物的主要可用饲料资源是天然牧场和作物残留物，占全国饲料总产量的56.83%(87.56×106)和37.37%(57.57×106)，分别。用作饲料来源的永久性作物的浓缩和改良栽培牧场和饲料的贡献非常微不足道（3.05％和1.96％，分别)。这些饲料资源的估计数量足以满足该国干物质（DM）方面的牲畜饲料需求，可消化粗蛋白（DCP）和MEJ，估计约为153.31×106吨，4.56×106t和1203.97×109MJDM，DCP和MEJ,分别。估计牲畜饲料需求为134.62×106，4.52×106,DM中的918.83×109，DCP和MEJ,分别。供应涵盖约114.33、100.04和131.33%的DM，全国牲畜的DCP和MEJ年总饲料需求。因此，当前反刍动物和马类的饲料需求所获得的饲料剩余可以支持500×106只肉鸡的营养需求，大约5×106头公牛，约50×106只小反刍动物或3×106只杂交泌乳奶牛，每天生产10升牛奶。
结论：研究结果表明，天然牧场和作物残留占该国年度饲料供应的主要比例。因此,适当的放牧管理，饲料保护实践，通过清除入侵物种来改善牧场植被，用改良的草和豆类混合物代替牧场，有效收集,保护和合理利用作物残留物，和其他替代选择，如使用化学品，应实行物理和生物处理，以提高纤维饲料的营养价值。还需要更有效的推广服务和农民培训，以提高饲料生产率，因此，人类发展。
方法：本研究旨在评估埃塞俄比亚的牲畜种群和国家饲料安全，以提高牲畜生产力。为了实现这一目标,2007年至2021年，数据来自埃塞俄比亚中央统计局的网站、粮农组织的出版物和网站，书籍和期刊。在不同饲料资源上获得的数据，牲畜种群和牲畜饲料需求和平衡被输入到MSExcel电子表格(Excel，2010)，并使用SAS(2014)的一般线性模型(PROGLM)程序和多变量协方差分析进行分析。
结果：研究结果表明，牲畜种群从5831万热带牲畜单位（TLU）增加到8110万热带牲畜单位（TLU），从2008年到2021年，肠内CH4的排放量从2511.08Gg/年增加到3661.74Gg/年。研究结果还表明，反刍动物的主要可用饲料资源是天然牧场和作物残留物，占全国饲料总产量的56.83%(87.56×106)和37.37%(57.57×106)，分别。用作饲料来源的永久性作物的浓缩和改良栽培牧场和饲料的贡献非常微不足道（3.05％和1.96％，分别)。这些饲料资源的估计数量足以满足该国干物质（DM）方面的牲畜饲料需求，可消化粗蛋白（DCP）和MEJ，估计约为153.31×106吨，4.56×106t和1203.97×109MJDM，DCP和MEJ,分别。估计牲畜饲料需求为134.62×106，4.52×106,DM中的918.83×109，DCP和MEJ,分别。供应涵盖约114.33、100.04和131.33%的DM，全国牲畜的DCP和MEJ年总饲料需求。因此，当前反刍动物和马类的饲料需求所获得的饲料剩余可以支持500×106只肉鸡的营养需求，大约5×106头公牛，约50×106只小反刍动物或3×106只杂交泌乳奶牛，每天生产10升牛奶。
结论：研究结果表明，天然牧场和作物残留占该国年度饲料供应的主要比例。因此,适当的放牧管理，饲料保护实践，通过清除入侵物种来改善牧场植被，用改良的草和豆类混合物代替牧场，有效收集,保护和合理利用作物残留物，和其他替代选择，如使用化学品，应实行物理和生物处理，以提高纤维饲料的营养价值。还需要更有效的推广服务和农民培训，以提高饲料生产率，因此，人类发展。
