Abstract：
The rapid population growth in Africa is associated with an increasing demand for livestock products which in turn can lead to antimicrobial use. Antimicrobial usage in animals contributes to the emergence and selection of resistant bacteria which constitutes a serious public health threat. This study aims to review and summarize the available information on highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HPCIAs) resistance in livestock production in Africa. This work will help to inform future policies for controlling antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the food production chain. A scoping review was conducted according to the Cochrane handbook and following PRISMA 2020 guidelines for reporting. Primary research studies published after 1999 and reporting resistance of Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp, and Campylobacter spp to HPCIAs in poultry, cattle, pigs, goats, and sheep in Africa were searched in four databases. A total of 312 articles were included in the review. The majority of the studies (40.7) were conducted in North African countries. More than 49.0% of included studies involved poultry and 26.2% cattle. Cephalosporins and quinolones were the most studied antimicrobial classes. Of the bacteria investigated in the current review, E. coli (41.7%) and Salmonella spp (24.9%) represented the most commonly studied. High levels of resistance against erythromycin in E. coli were found in poultry (MR 96.1%, IQR 83.3-100.0%), cattle (MR 85.7%, IQR 69.2-100.0%), and pigs (MR 94.0%, IQR 86.2-94.0%). In sheep, a high level of resistance was observed in E. coli against nalidixic acid (MR 87.5%, IQR 81.3-93.8%). In goats, the low level of sensibility was noted in S. aureus against streptomycin (MR 86.8%, IQR 19.4-99.0%). The study provides valuable information on HPCIAs resistance in livestock production in Africa and highlights the need for further research and policies to address the public health risk of AMR. This will likely require an investment in diagnostic infrastructure across the continent. Awareness on the harmful impact of AMR in African countries is a requirement to produce more effective and sustainable measures to curb AMR.
摘要：
非洲人口的快速增长与对牲畜产品的需求增加有关，这反过来又会导致抗菌药物的使用。在动物中使用抗微生物剂有助于抗性细菌的出现和选择,这构成了严重的公共健康威胁。本研究旨在回顾和总结有关非洲畜牧业生产中最重要的重要抗菌药物（HPCIA）耐药性的现有信息。这项工作将有助于为未来控制食品生产链中抗菌素耐药性（AMR）的政策提供信息。根据Cochrane手册并遵循PRISMA2020报告指南进行了范围审查。1999年后发表的主要研究研究报告了大肠杆菌的耐药性，肠球菌属,金黄色葡萄球菌,沙门氏菌,和弯曲杆菌对家禽中的HPCIAs，牛,猪,山羊,在四个数据库中搜索了非洲的绵羊。共有312篇文章被纳入审查。大多数研究（40.7）是在北非国家进行的。超过49.0％的纳入研究涉及家禽和26.2％的牛。头孢菌素和喹诺酮类药物是研究最多的抗菌类别。在当前审查中调查的细菌中，大肠杆菌（41.7％）和沙门氏菌（24.9％）代表了最常见的研究。在家禽中发现大肠杆菌对红霉素的高耐药性（MR96.1%，IQR83.3-100.0%），牛(MR85.7%，IQR69.2-100.0%），和猪（MR94.0%，IQR86.2-94.0%）。在羊，在大肠杆菌中观察到对萘啶酸的高耐药性（MR87.5％，IQR81.3-93.8%）。在山羊中，金黄色葡萄球菌对链霉素的敏感性较低(MR为86.8%，IQR19.4-99.0%）。该研究提供了有关非洲畜牧业生产中HPCIAs抗性的有价值的信息，并强调需要进一步研究和制定政策来解决AMR的公共卫生风险。这可能需要对整个非洲大陆的诊断基础设施进行投资。对非洲国家AMR的有害影响的认识是制定更有效和可持续的措施来遏制AMR的要求。
