Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Due to the radiation exposure for the urology staff during endourology, our aim was to evaluate the trends of radiation protection in the operation room by endourologists from European centers and to estimate their annual radiation.
METHODS: We conducted a multicenter study involving experienced endourologists from different European centers to evaluate whether the protection and threshold doses recommended by the International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) were being followed. A 36-question survey was completed on the use of fluoroscopy and radiation protection. Annual prospective data from chest, extremities, and eye dosimeters were collected during a 4-year period (2017-2020).
RESULTS: Ten endourologists participated. Most surgeons use lead aprons and thyroid shield (9/10 and 10/10), while leaded gloves and caps are rarely used (2/10 both). Six out of ten surgeons wear leaded glasses. There is widespread use of personal chest dosimeters under the apron (9/10), and only 5/10 use a wrist or ring dosimeter and 4 use an eye dosimeter. Two endourologists use the ALARA protocol. The use of ultrasound and fluoroscopy during PCNL puncture was reported by 8 surgeons. The mean number of PCNL and URS per year was 30.9 (SD 19.9) and 147 (SD 151.9). The mean chest radiation was 1.35 mSv per year and 0.007 mSv per procedure. Mean radiation exposure per year in the eyes and extremities was 1.63 and 11.5 mSv.
CONCLUSIONS: Endourologists did not exceed the threshold doses for radiation exposure to the chest, extremities and lens. Furthermore, the ALARA protocol manages to reduce radiation exposure.
METHODS: We conducted a multicenter study involving experienced endourologists from different European centers to evaluate whether the protection and threshold doses recommended by the International Commission on Radiation Protection (ICRP) were being followed. A 36-question survey was completed on the use of fluoroscopy and radiation protection. Annual prospective data from chest, extremities, and eye dosimeters were collected during a 4-year period (2017-2020).
RESULTS: Ten endourologists participated. Most surgeons use lead aprons and thyroid shield (9/10 and 10/10), while leaded gloves and caps are rarely used (2/10 both). Six out of ten surgeons wear leaded glasses. There is widespread use of personal chest dosimeters under the apron (9/10), and only 5/10 use a wrist or ring dosimeter and 4 use an eye dosimeter. Two endourologists use the ALARA protocol. The use of ultrasound and fluoroscopy during PCNL puncture was reported by 8 surgeons. The mean number of PCNL and URS per year was 30.9 (SD 19.9) and 147 (SD 151.9). The mean chest radiation was 1.35 mSv per year and 0.007 mSv per procedure. Mean radiation exposure per year in the eyes and extremities was 1.63 and 11.5 mSv.
CONCLUSIONS: Endourologists did not exceed the threshold doses for radiation exposure to the chest, extremities and lens. Furthermore, the ALARA protocol manages to reduce radiation exposure.
摘要：
背景：由于泌尿外科工作人员在泌尿外科期间受到辐射，我们的目标是评估来自欧洲中心的内分泌学家在手术室中的辐射防护趋势,并估计他们的年辐射.
方法：我们进行了一项多中心研究，包括来自不同欧洲中心的有经验的口腔内科医生，以评估是否遵循国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）推荐的防护和阈值剂量。完成了关于透视和辐射防护使用的36个问题的调查。胸部的年度前瞻性数据，四肢,和眼剂量计是在4年期间(2017-2020年)收集的。
结果：10名内脏学家参与。大多数外科医生使用铅围裙和甲状腺护罩（9/10和10/10），而含铅手套和帽子很少使用（2/10两者）。十分之六的外科医生戴着含铅眼镜。围裙下广泛使用个人胸部剂量计（9/10），只有5/10使用手腕或戒指剂量计，4使用眼睛剂量计。两名内生学家使用ALARA协议。8位外科医生报告了在PCNL穿刺过程中使用超声和透视检查。每年PCNL和URS的平均数量为30.9（SD19.9）和147（SD151.9）。平均胸部辐射为每年1.35mSv，每次手术为0.007mSv。眼睛和四肢每年的平均辐射暴露量为1.63和11.5mSv。
结论：内分泌学家没有超过胸部辐射暴露的阈值剂量，四肢和晶状体。此外，ALARA方案设法减少辐射暴露。
方法：我们进行了一项多中心研究，包括来自不同欧洲中心的有经验的口腔内科医生，以评估是否遵循国际辐射防护委员会（ICRP）推荐的防护和阈值剂量。完成了关于透视和辐射防护使用的36个问题的调查。胸部的年度前瞻性数据，四肢,和眼剂量计是在4年期间(2017-2020年)收集的。
结果：10名内脏学家参与。大多数外科医生使用铅围裙和甲状腺护罩（9/10和10/10），而含铅手套和帽子很少使用（2/10两者）。十分之六的外科医生戴着含铅眼镜。围裙下广泛使用个人胸部剂量计（9/10），只有5/10使用手腕或戒指剂量计，4使用眼睛剂量计。两名内生学家使用ALARA协议。8位外科医生报告了在PCNL穿刺过程中使用超声和透视检查。每年PCNL和URS的平均数量为30.9（SD19.9）和147（SD151.9）。平均胸部辐射为每年1.35mSv，每次手术为0.007mSv。眼睛和四肢每年的平均辐射暴露量为1.63和11.5mSv。
结论：内分泌学家没有超过胸部辐射暴露的阈值剂量，四肢和晶状体。此外，ALARA方案设法减少辐射暴露。
