Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Golf is a popular sport in older adults and this same population has an increasing prevalence of osteoarthritis affecting major joints such as the knee. To the authors\' knowledge, the effect of Total Knee Arthroplasty (TKA) on the movements in the golf swing has not been extensively investigated despite the large prevalence of golfers who have undergone TKA. We aimed to determine lower limb joint kinematics during the golf swing and whether these are influenced following TKA.
METHODS: A case- control study was undertaken with ten right-handed golfers who had undergone TKA (cruciate-retaining single radius implant) and five matched golfers with native knees. Each golfer performed five swings with a driver whilst being recorded at 200 Hz by a ten-camera motion capture system. Knee and hip three-dimensional joint angles (JA) and joint angular velocities (JAV) were calculated and statistically compared between the groups at six swing events.
RESULTS: The left knee demonstrated large effect sizes for lower external rotation during take away, mid (p = 0.01) and top of backswing in the TKA group. In contrast, the right knee demonstrated large effect sizes for lower external rotation in the TKA group during the downswing, contact and follow-through phases. There were no differences in knee flexion/extension, ab/adduction, or JAV between the groups. Both hips demonstrated statistically significantly (p = 0.02 for left and p = 0.04 for right) lower flexion in the TKA group during the takeaway swing event, and lower internal rotation in the backswing and greater external rotation in the downswing of the right hip.
CONCLUSIONS: Normal knee kinematics were observed during the golf swing following TKA, with the exception of reduced external rotation in the left knee during the backswing and the right during the down swing. The differences demonstrated in the hip motion indicate that they may make compensatory movements to adjust to the reduced external rotation demonstrated in the knee.
METHODS: IV.
METHODS: A case- control study was undertaken with ten right-handed golfers who had undergone TKA (cruciate-retaining single radius implant) and five matched golfers with native knees. Each golfer performed five swings with a driver whilst being recorded at 200 Hz by a ten-camera motion capture system. Knee and hip three-dimensional joint angles (JA) and joint angular velocities (JAV) were calculated and statistically compared between the groups at six swing events.
RESULTS: The left knee demonstrated large effect sizes for lower external rotation during take away, mid (p = 0.01) and top of backswing in the TKA group. In contrast, the right knee demonstrated large effect sizes for lower external rotation in the TKA group during the downswing, contact and follow-through phases. There were no differences in knee flexion/extension, ab/adduction, or JAV between the groups. Both hips demonstrated statistically significantly (p = 0.02 for left and p = 0.04 for right) lower flexion in the TKA group during the takeaway swing event, and lower internal rotation in the backswing and greater external rotation in the downswing of the right hip.
CONCLUSIONS: Normal knee kinematics were observed during the golf swing following TKA, with the exception of reduced external rotation in the left knee during the backswing and the right during the down swing. The differences demonstrated in the hip motion indicate that they may make compensatory movements to adjust to the reduced external rotation demonstrated in the knee.
METHODS: IV.
摘要：
目标：高尔夫是老年人的一项流行运动，并且该人群的骨关节炎患病率越来越高，影响膝关节等主要关节。就作者所知，全膝关节置换术(TKA)对高尔夫挥杆动作的影响尚未得到广泛研究,尽管接受TKA的高尔夫球手的患病率很高.我们旨在确定高尔夫挥杆过程中的下肢关节运动学，以及TKA后是否会影响这些运动学。
方法：对10名右撇子高尔夫球手进行了一项病例对照研究，这些高尔夫球手接受了TKA（保留十字交叉的单桡骨植入物）和5名具有天然膝盖的匹配高尔夫球手。每个高尔夫球手与一名车手进行五次挥杆，同时由10个摄像头的动作捕捉系统以200Hz的频率进行记录。计算膝关节和髋关节三维关节角度（JA）和关节角速度（JAV），并在6个摆动事件中进行统计学比较。
结果：在带走过程中，左膝表现出较大的外部旋转效应，TKA组后摆的中部(p=0.01)和顶部。相比之下,右膝在TKA组下摆时表现出较大的外旋效应，接触和后续阶段。膝关节屈伸无差异,ab/内收，或组间的JAV。在外卖摆动事件期间，TKA组的两个臀部均显示出统计学上的显着差异（左p=0.02，右p=0.04）。后摆的内部旋转较低，右髋部下摆的外部旋转较大。
结论：在TKA后的高尔夫挥杆过程中观察到正常的膝关节运动学，除了后挥杆时左膝盖和下挥杆时右膝盖的外旋转减少。髋关节运动中显示的差异表明，它们可能会进行补偿性运动，以适应膝盖中显示的外部旋转减少。
方法：IV.
方法：对10名右撇子高尔夫球手进行了一项病例对照研究，这些高尔夫球手接受了TKA（保留十字交叉的单桡骨植入物）和5名具有天然膝盖的匹配高尔夫球手。每个高尔夫球手与一名车手进行五次挥杆，同时由10个摄像头的动作捕捉系统以200Hz的频率进行记录。计算膝关节和髋关节三维关节角度（JA）和关节角速度（JAV），并在6个摆动事件中进行统计学比较。
结果：在带走过程中，左膝表现出较大的外部旋转效应，TKA组后摆的中部(p=0.01)和顶部。相比之下,右膝在TKA组下摆时表现出较大的外旋效应，接触和后续阶段。膝关节屈伸无差异,ab/内收，或组间的JAV。在外卖摆动事件期间，TKA组的两个臀部均显示出统计学上的显着差异（左p=0.02，右p=0.04）。后摆的内部旋转较低，右髋部下摆的外部旋转较大。
结论：在TKA后的高尔夫挥杆过程中观察到正常的膝关节运动学，除了后挥杆时左膝盖和下挥杆时右膝盖的外旋转减少。髋关节运动中显示的差异表明，它们可能会进行补偿性运动，以适应膝盖中显示的外部旋转减少。
方法：IV.
