Abstract：
Global warming is increasing the vulnerability of ecosystems, especially in peninsular Spain. Biosphere Reserves are internationally protected areas that seek to protect biodiversity and, at the same time, promote sustainable development. Evaluating these protected areas is essential to verify environmental changes and establish priorities in their management. In this work, we have studied the time trends of NDVI in the high mountain Biosphere Reserves of Spain from 2001 to 2016 to check if the trend patterns are associated with some environmental variables. Significant differences were found between NDVI trends and high mountain Biosphere Reserves. Firstly, significant positive trends in NDVI were observed when analysing both reserves together. However, significant differences were found between the two reserves. The Ordesa-Viñamala Reserve shows higher positive NDVI trends and lower negative trends, while this pattern is reversed in Sierra Nevada. We observed how the fluctuations in temperature and drought due to climate change have already negatively affected the Mediterranean reserve (Sierra Nevada). In contrast, the alpine reserve (Ordesa-Viñamala) maintains positive NDVI trends. This study helps to close the gap in information related to Biosphere Reserves, which gives value to the work that is being carried out by the local communities that make up them, generating statistically significant results that Biosphere Reserves are protected areas that help us understand how to manage and govern socioecological systems sustainably.
摘要：
全球变暖正在增加生态系统的脆弱性，尤其是在西班牙半岛。生物圈保护区是国际保护区，旨在保护生物多样性，同时,促进可持续发展。评估这些保护区对于验证环境变化并确定其管理重点至关重要。在这项工作中,我们研究了2001年至2016年西班牙高山生物圈保护区NDVI的时间趋势，以检查趋势模式是否与某些环境变量相关。NDVI趋势与高山生物圈保护区之间存在显着差异。首先,当一起分析两个储量时，观察到NDVI的显著正趋势。然而,两种储量之间存在显著差异。Ordesa-Viñamala保护区显示出较高的积极NDVI趋势和较低的消极趋势，而这种模式在内华达山脉是相反的。我们观察到气候变化引起的温度和干旱的波动已经对地中海保护区（内华达山脉）产生了负面影响。相比之下,高山保护区（Ordesa-Viñamala）保持积极的NDVI趋势。这项研究有助于缩小与生物圈保护区相关的信息差距，这给组成它们的当地社区正在开展的工作带来了价值，生物圈保护区是保护区，这有助于我们了解如何可持续地管理和治理社会生态系统。
