Abstract：
Synthetic musks (SMs) have served as cost-effective substitutes for natural musk compounds in personal care and daily chemical products for decades. Their widespread use has led to their detection in various environmental matrices, raising concerns about potential risks. Despite numerous studies on SM levels in different natural environments, a systematic review of their contemporary presence is lacking. This review aims to address this gap by summarising recent research developments on SMs in diverse natural environments, including river water, lake water, seawater, estuarine water, groundwater, snow, meltwater, sediments, aquatic suspended matter, soils, sands, outdoor air, and atmospheric particulate matter. Covering the period from 2010 to 2023, the review focuses on four SM categories: nitro, polycyclic, macrocyclic, and alicyclic. It systematically examines their sources, occurrences, concentrations, spatial and temporal variations, and fate. The literature reveals widespread detection of SMs in the natural environment (freshwater and sediments in particular), with polycyclic musks being the most studied group. Both direct (e.g., wastewater discharges) and indirect (e.g., human recreational activities) sources contribute to SM presence. Levels of SMs vary greatly among studies with higher levels observed in certain regions, such as sediments in Southeast Asia. Spatial and temporal variations are also evident. The fate of SMs in the environment depends on their physicochemical properties and environmental processes, including bioaccumulation, biodegradation, photodegradation, adsorption, phase exchange, hydro-dilution effects. Biodegradation and photodegradation can decrease SM levels, but may produce more persistent and eco-toxic products. Modelling approaches have been employed to analyse SM fate, especially for indirect processes like photodegradation or long-distance atmospheric transport. Future studies should further investigate the complex fate if SMs and their environmental influence. This review enhances understanding of SM status in the natural environment and supports efforts to control environmental contamination.
摘要：
几十年来，合成麝香（SM）一直是个人护理和日常化学产品中天然麝香化合物的具有成本效益的替代品。它们的广泛使用导致了它们在各种环境基质中的检测，引发对潜在风险的担忧。尽管对不同自然环境中的SM水平进行了大量研究，缺乏对他们当代存在的系统审查。这篇综述旨在通过总结不同自然环境中SMs的最新研究进展来解决这一差距，包括河水,湖水,海水,河口水，地下水雪,融水，沉积物,水生悬浮物，土壤,金沙,室外空气,和大气颗粒物。涵盖2010年至2023年期间，审查侧重于四个SM类别：硝基，多环,大环,和脂环族。它系统地检查了它们的来源，事件,浓度,空间和时间的变化，和命运。文献揭示了在自然环境(特别是淡水和沉积物)中广泛检测到SMs，多环麝香是研究最多的群体。两者都是直接的(例如，废水排放)和间接(例如，人类娱乐活动)来源有助于SM的存在。在某些地区观察到较高水平的研究中，SM的水平差异很大，比如东南亚的沉积物。时空变化也很明显。SMs在环境中的命运取决于其物理化学性质和环境过程，包括生物蓄积性,生物降解，光降解，吸附，相交换,水稀释效应。生物降解和光降解可以降低SM水平，但可能会产生更持久和生态毒性的产品。建模方法已被用来分析SM的命运，特别是对于间接过程，如光降解或远距离大气传输。未来的研究应该进一步调查复杂的命运，如果SMs和他们的环境影响。这篇评论增进了对自然环境中SM状况的了解，并支持控制环境污染的努力。
