Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Nutrient timing is a concept that emphasizes the intentional ingestion of whole or fortified foods, and dietary supplements, to adequately fuel for, and recover from, acute and chronic exercise. The nutrition strategies used by powerlifters around training sessions have not, to our knowledge, been previously investigated. This study explored the self-reported periworkout (before, during, and after) nutrition practices of competitive powerlifters, including what, why, and information source that informed practice, with comparison to current sport nutrition guidelines.
METHODS: Actively competing male (n = 240) and female (n = 65) powerlifters completed a cross-sectional online survey of self-reported periworkout nutrition practices in the pre-, intra-, and postexercise periods, fasted training, and supplementation. Data are presented as the number (n) and percentage (%) of all powerlifters practicing a given strategy followed by a % of responses reporting various practices or beliefs within this strategy. Categorical subgroups (sex, age, and weight class; and competitive caliber) were analyzed with a chi-square test or Fisher\'s exact test and denoted where significant (P ≤ 0.05).
RESULTS: Most powerlifters reported paying specific attention to nutrition practices in the pre-exercise period (n = 261; 85.6%) by ingesting more carbohydrate (CHO) rich foods (n = 234; 89.6%) for the purpose of assisting in training performance (n = 222; 85.1%). Most powerlifters reported intraexercise nutrition strategies (n = 211; 69.2%), of which most included ingesting more CHO rich foods (n = 159; 74.5%) for the purpose of feeling less hungry and/or boosting energy levels during training (n = 129; 61.1%). Most powerlifters reported paying attention to postexercise nutrition (n = 244; 80%), by ingesting more protein rich foods (n = 182; 74.6%) for the purpose of recovering better for the whole day (n = 152; 62.3%) and enhancing the benefits of training (n = 149; 61.1%). Most powerlifters did not complete training sessions in the fasted state (n = 262; 85.9%). Most powerlifters reported paying attention to supplementation before training (n = 237; 77.7%), of which preworkout formulas (n = 137; 57.8%), energy drinks (n = 101; 42.6%), creatine (n = 88; 37.1%), and caffeine pills (n = 70; 29.5%) were most reported. Supplementation was used to assist in training performance (n = 197; 83.1%) and increase wakefulness/alertness (n = 183; 77.2%). Males reported more often than females that they informed multiple elements of their nutrition practices with the information they read or watched somewhere (P = 0.002-0.012).
CONCLUSIONS: The periworkout nutrition practices used by competitive powerlifters followed current sport nutrition guidelines, by using CHO sources to fuel for training and ensuring the provision of protein postexercise. Competitive powerlifters may wish to exert caution with supplementation, as there is a risk of harm or inadvertent doping.
METHODS: Actively competing male (n = 240) and female (n = 65) powerlifters completed a cross-sectional online survey of self-reported periworkout nutrition practices in the pre-, intra-, and postexercise periods, fasted training, and supplementation. Data are presented as the number (n) and percentage (%) of all powerlifters practicing a given strategy followed by a % of responses reporting various practices or beliefs within this strategy. Categorical subgroups (sex, age, and weight class; and competitive caliber) were analyzed with a chi-square test or Fisher\'s exact test and denoted where significant (P ≤ 0.05).
RESULTS: Most powerlifters reported paying specific attention to nutrition practices in the pre-exercise period (n = 261; 85.6%) by ingesting more carbohydrate (CHO) rich foods (n = 234; 89.6%) for the purpose of assisting in training performance (n = 222; 85.1%). Most powerlifters reported intraexercise nutrition strategies (n = 211; 69.2%), of which most included ingesting more CHO rich foods (n = 159; 74.5%) for the purpose of feeling less hungry and/or boosting energy levels during training (n = 129; 61.1%). Most powerlifters reported paying attention to postexercise nutrition (n = 244; 80%), by ingesting more protein rich foods (n = 182; 74.6%) for the purpose of recovering better for the whole day (n = 152; 62.3%) and enhancing the benefits of training (n = 149; 61.1%). Most powerlifters did not complete training sessions in the fasted state (n = 262; 85.9%). Most powerlifters reported paying attention to supplementation before training (n = 237; 77.7%), of which preworkout formulas (n = 137; 57.8%), energy drinks (n = 101; 42.6%), creatine (n = 88; 37.1%), and caffeine pills (n = 70; 29.5%) were most reported. Supplementation was used to assist in training performance (n = 197; 83.1%) and increase wakefulness/alertness (n = 183; 77.2%). Males reported more often than females that they informed multiple elements of their nutrition practices with the information they read or watched somewhere (P = 0.002-0.012).
CONCLUSIONS: The periworkout nutrition practices used by competitive powerlifters followed current sport nutrition guidelines, by using CHO sources to fuel for training and ensuring the provision of protein postexercise. Competitive powerlifters may wish to exert caution with supplementation, as there is a risk of harm or inadvertent doping.
摘要：
目标：营养时机是一个概念，强调有意摄取全食或强化食品，和膳食补充剂，足够的燃料，并从中恢复，急性和慢性运动。举重运动员在培训课程中使用的营养策略没有，根据我们的知识，以前被调查过。这项研究探索了自我报告的围锻炼(之前，during,以及之后)竞争性举重运动员的营养实践，包括什么,为什么,以及为实践提供信息的信息来源，与目前的运动营养指南相比。
方法：积极竞争的男性（n=240）和女性（n=65）举重运动员完成了一项关于自我报告的运动前营养实践的横断面在线调查，intra-,和锻炼后的时间，禁食训练,和补充。数据以实践给定策略的所有举重运动员的数量（n）和百分比（％）表示，然后是报告该策略中各种实践或信念的响应的％。分类亚组(性别，年龄,和体重等级；和竞争口径）用卡方检验或Fisher精确检验进行分析，并指出有显著性（P≤0.05）。
结果：大多数举重运动员报告说，在运动前（n=261；85.6％），通过摄入更多富含碳水化合物（CHO）的食物（n=234；89.6％）来协助训练表现（n=222；85.1％）。大多数举重运动员报告了运动中的营养策略（n=211；69.2％），其中大多数包括摄入更多富含CHO的食物（n=159;74.5％），以减少饥饿和/或提高训练期间的能量水平（n=129;61.1％）。大多数举重运动员都注意运动后的营养（n=244；80％），通过摄入更多富含蛋白质的食物（n=182;74.6％），以便全天恢复更好（n=152;62.3％）并增强训练的益处（n=149;61.1％）。大多数举重运动员在禁食状态下没有完成训练课程（n=262；85.9％）。大多数举重运动员报告说在训练前注意补充（n=237；77.7％），其中预锻炼公式(n=137；57.8%)，能量饮料（n=101；42.6%），肌酸（n=88；37.1%），和咖啡因丸(n=70;29.5%)报告最多。补充用于辅助训练表现（n=197；83.1％）和增加清醒/警觉性（n=183；77.2％）。男性比女性更频繁地报告说，他们通过阅读或观看某处的信息来告知其营养习惯的多个要素（P=0.002-0.012）。
结论：竞技举重运动员使用的锻炼前营养实践遵循了当前的运动营养指南，通过使用CHO来源为培训提供燃料，并确保在运动后提供蛋白质。有竞争力的举重运动员不妨谨慎补充，因为存在伤害或无意中使用兴奋剂的风险。
方法：积极竞争的男性（n=240）和女性（n=65）举重运动员完成了一项关于自我报告的运动前营养实践的横断面在线调查，intra-,和锻炼后的时间，禁食训练,和补充。数据以实践给定策略的所有举重运动员的数量（n）和百分比（％）表示，然后是报告该策略中各种实践或信念的响应的％。分类亚组(性别，年龄,和体重等级；和竞争口径）用卡方检验或Fisher精确检验进行分析，并指出有显著性（P≤0.05）。
结果：大多数举重运动员报告说，在运动前（n=261；85.6％），通过摄入更多富含碳水化合物（CHO）的食物（n=234；89.6％）来协助训练表现（n=222；85.1％）。大多数举重运动员报告了运动中的营养策略（n=211；69.2％），其中大多数包括摄入更多富含CHO的食物（n=159;74.5％），以减少饥饿和/或提高训练期间的能量水平（n=129;61.1％）。大多数举重运动员都注意运动后的营养（n=244；80％），通过摄入更多富含蛋白质的食物（n=182;74.6％），以便全天恢复更好（n=152;62.3％）并增强训练的益处（n=149;61.1％）。大多数举重运动员在禁食状态下没有完成训练课程（n=262；85.9％）。大多数举重运动员报告说在训练前注意补充（n=237；77.7％），其中预锻炼公式(n=137；57.8%)，能量饮料（n=101；42.6%），肌酸（n=88；37.1%），和咖啡因丸(n=70;29.5%)报告最多。补充用于辅助训练表现（n=197；83.1％）和增加清醒/警觉性（n=183；77.2％）。男性比女性更频繁地报告说，他们通过阅读或观看某处的信息来告知其营养习惯的多个要素（P=0.002-0.012）。
结论：竞技举重运动员使用的锻炼前营养实践遵循了当前的运动营养指南，通过使用CHO来源为培训提供燃料，并确保在运动后提供蛋白质。有竞争力的举重运动员不妨谨慎补充，因为存在伤害或无意中使用兴奋剂的风险。
