Abstract：
Many accounts of instruction-based learning assume that initial declarative representations are transformed into executable procedural ones, so as to enable instruction implementation. We tested the hypothesis that declarative-procedural transformation should be bound to a specific response modality and not transferable across different modalities. In Experiment 1, novel stimulus-response instructions had to be implemented either verbally or manually either once or three times. Modality-specific procedural encoding was probed via a subsequent implicit priming test. This involved the same stimuli but required a response that could be either compatible or incompatible with the originally instructed response using either the same or a different response modality. We found that procedural encoding was modality-specific as indicated by a stronger repetition-dependent increase of the compatibility effect when response modality was unchanged. Explicit test performance, serving as a marker of declarative encoding, was independent of modality transition and it was uncorrelated with implicit test performance. Unexpectedly, the implicit priming test also revealed a small yet significant transfer to the response modality that was previously not overtly implemented, likely reflecting covert response \"simulation\". To examine if covertly simulated responding occurs even when instruction implementation is omitted altogether, we conducted Experiment 2. Subjects merely viewed novel stimulus-response instructions prior to testing. Again, we found evidence for procedural encoding of the non-implemented instructions. Moreover, a direct comparison of both experiments revealed higher test scores (both implicit and explicit) for previously non-implemented instructions than for previously implemented instructions. This calls for theoretical reconciliation with diverging previous study results.
摘要：
基于指令的学习的许多帐户都假设初始声明性表示被转换为可执行的过程性表示，以便启用指令实现。我们测试了以下假设：陈述性程序转换应绑定到特定的响应方式，并且不能在不同的方式之间转移。在实验1中，新的刺激反应指令必须口头或手动执行一次或三次。通过随后的隐式启动测试研究了特定于模态的程序编码。这涉及相同的刺激，但需要使用相同或不同的响应方式与原始指示的响应兼容或不兼容的响应。我们发现，当反应模态不变时，兼容性效应的重复依赖性更强，这表明程序编码是模态特定的。显式测试性能，作为声明性编码的标记，与模态转换无关，与内隐测试性能无关。出乎意料的是,内隐启动测试也揭示了一个小但显著的转移到以前没有公开实施的反应模式，可能反映了隐蔽的反应\“模拟\”。要检查即使完全省略了指令实现，是否也会发生隐蔽的模拟响应，我们进行了实验2。受试者仅在测试之前查看新颖的刺激反应指令。再一次,我们发现了未执行指令的程序编码的证据.此外，两个实验的直接比较显示,先前未实现的指令的测试分数(隐式和显式)高于先前实现的指令.这要求理论上与以前的研究结果不同。
