Abstract：
BACKGROUND: Evidence on the association of Olfactory Impairment (OI) with age-related cognitive decline is inconclusive, and the potential influence of allergy remains unclear.
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the cross-sectional associations of allergy-related and non-allergy- related OI to cognitive function.
METHODS: We included 2,499 participants from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS)-Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP) sub-study and 1,086 participants from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA)-HCAP. The Olfactory Function Field Exam (OFFE) using Sniffin\' Stick odor pens was used to objectively assess olfactory function and an olfactory score <6/11 indicated OI. Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) was used to assess global cognitive function and define cognitive impairment (<24/30). A neuropsychologic battery was used to assess five cognitive domains.
RESULTS: Compared to non-OI participants, individuals with OI had lower MMSE z-score [βHRS = -0.33, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): -0.41 to -0.24; βELSA = -0.31, -0.43 to -0.18] and higher prevalence of cognitive impairment (Prevalence Ratio (PR)HRS = 1.46, 1.06 to 2.01; PRELSA = 1.63, 1.26 to 2.11). The associations were stronger for non-allergy-related OI (βHRS = -0.36; βELSA = -0.34) than for allergy-related OI (βHRS = -0.26; βELSA = 0.13). Similar associations were observed with domain- specific cognitive function measures.
CONCLUSIONS: OI, particularly non-allergy-related OI, was related to poorer cognitive function in older adults. Although the current cross-sectional study is subject to several limitations, such as reverse causality and residual confounding, the findings will provide insights into the OI-cognition association and enlighten future attention to non-allergy-related OI for the prevention of potential cognitive impairment.
OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the cross-sectional associations of allergy-related and non-allergy- related OI to cognitive function.
METHODS: We included 2,499 participants from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS)-Harmonized Cognitive Assessment Protocol (HCAP) sub-study and 1,086 participants from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA)-HCAP. The Olfactory Function Field Exam (OFFE) using Sniffin\' Stick odor pens was used to objectively assess olfactory function and an olfactory score <6/11 indicated OI. Mini-Mental Status Examination (MMSE) was used to assess global cognitive function and define cognitive impairment (<24/30). A neuropsychologic battery was used to assess five cognitive domains.
RESULTS: Compared to non-OI participants, individuals with OI had lower MMSE z-score [βHRS = -0.33, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): -0.41 to -0.24; βELSA = -0.31, -0.43 to -0.18] and higher prevalence of cognitive impairment (Prevalence Ratio (PR)HRS = 1.46, 1.06 to 2.01; PRELSA = 1.63, 1.26 to 2.11). The associations were stronger for non-allergy-related OI (βHRS = -0.36; βELSA = -0.34) than for allergy-related OI (βHRS = -0.26; βELSA = 0.13). Similar associations were observed with domain- specific cognitive function measures.
CONCLUSIONS: OI, particularly non-allergy-related OI, was related to poorer cognitive function in older adults. Although the current cross-sectional study is subject to several limitations, such as reverse causality and residual confounding, the findings will provide insights into the OI-cognition association and enlighten future attention to non-allergy-related OI for the prevention of potential cognitive impairment.
摘要：
背景：关于嗅觉障碍（OI）与年龄相关的认知能力下降的关联的证据尚无定论，过敏的潜在影响尚不清楚。
目的：我们旨在评估过敏相关和非过敏相关OI与认知功能的横断面关联。
方法：我们纳入了来自健康与退休研究（HRS）-协调认知评估方案（HCAP）子研究的2,499名参与者和来自英国纵向老龄化研究（ELSA）-HCAP的1,086名参与者。使用Sniffin棒气味笔的嗅觉功能场检查(OFFE)用于客观评估嗅觉功能,嗅觉评分<6/11表示OI。使用简易精神状态检查（MMSE）评估整体认知功能并定义认知障碍（<24/30）。神经心理电池用于评估五个认知领域。
结果：与非OI参与者相比，OI患者的MMSEz评分较低[βHRS=-0.33,95%置信区间(CI):-0.41~-0.24;βELSA=-0.31,-0.43~-0.18],认知障碍患病率较高[患病率比(PR)HRS=1.46,1.06~2.01;PRELSA=1.63,1.26~2.11].非过敏相关OI（βHRS=-0.36；βELSA=-0.34）的相关性强于过敏相关OI（βHRS=-0.26；βELSA=0.13）。观察到与特定领域的认知功能测量相似的关联。
结论：OI，特别是非过敏相关的OI，与老年人认知功能较差有关。尽管当前的横断面研究受到一些限制，如反向因果关系和剩余混杂，研究结果将提供对OI-认知关联的见解,并启发未来对非过敏相关OI的关注,以预防潜在的认知障碍.
目的：我们旨在评估过敏相关和非过敏相关OI与认知功能的横断面关联。
方法：我们纳入了来自健康与退休研究（HRS）-协调认知评估方案（HCAP）子研究的2,499名参与者和来自英国纵向老龄化研究（ELSA）-HCAP的1,086名参与者。使用Sniffin棒气味笔的嗅觉功能场检查(OFFE)用于客观评估嗅觉功能,嗅觉评分<6/11表示OI。使用简易精神状态检查（MMSE）评估整体认知功能并定义认知障碍（<24/30）。神经心理电池用于评估五个认知领域。
结果：与非OI参与者相比，OI患者的MMSEz评分较低[βHRS=-0.33,95%置信区间(CI):-0.41~-0.24;βELSA=-0.31,-0.43~-0.18],认知障碍患病率较高[患病率比(PR)HRS=1.46,1.06~2.01;PRELSA=1.63,1.26~2.11].非过敏相关OI（βHRS=-0.36；βELSA=-0.34）的相关性强于过敏相关OI（βHRS=-0.26；βELSA=0.13）。观察到与特定领域的认知功能测量相似的关联。
结论：OI，特别是非过敏相关的OI，与老年人认知功能较差有关。尽管当前的横断面研究受到一些限制，如反向因果关系和剩余混杂，研究结果将提供对OI-认知关联的见解,并启发未来对非过敏相关OI的关注,以预防潜在的认知障碍.
