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Abstract：
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are relatively common in young men, making accurate diagnosis and prognosis assessment essential. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), including microRNA-371a-3p (miR-371a-3p), have shown promise as biomarkers for TGCTs. This review discusses the recent advancements in the use of miRNA biomarkers in TGCTs, with a focus on the challenges surrounding the noninvasive detection of teratomas. Circulating miR-371a-3p, which is expressed in undifferentiated TGCTs but not in teratomas, is a promising biomarker for TGCTs. Its detection in serum, plasma, and, potentially, cystic fluid could be useful for TGCT diagnosis, surveillance, and monitoring of therapeutic response. Other miRNAs, such as miR-375-3p and miR-375-5p, have been investigated to differentiate between TGCT subtypes (teratoma, necrosis/fibrosis, and viable tumors), which can aid in treatment decisions. However, a reliable marker for teratoma has yet to be identified. The clinical applications of miRNA biomarkers could spare patients from unnecessary surgeries and allow for more personalized therapeutic approaches. Particularly in patients with residual masses larger than 1 cm following chemotherapy, it is critical to differentiate between viable tumors, teratomas, and necrosis/fibrosis. Teratomas, which mimic somatic tissues, present a challenge in differentiation and require a comprehensive diagnostic approach. The combination of miR-371 and miR-375 shows potential in enhancing diagnostic precision, aiding in distinguishing between teratomas, viable tumors, and necrosis. The implementation of miRNA biomarkers in TGCT care could improve patient outcomes, reduce overtreatment, and facilitate personalized therapeutic strategies. However, a reliable marker for teratoma is still lacking. Future research should focus on the clinical validation and standardization of these biomarkers to fully realize their potential.
摘要：
睾丸生殖细胞肿瘤（TGCT）在年轻男性中相对常见，做出准确的诊断和预后评估至关重要。microRNAs(miRNAs),包括microRNA-371a-3p（miR-371a-3p），已显示出有望作为TGCT的生物标志物。这篇综述讨论了miRNA生物标志物在TGCT中的最新进展，重点关注围绕畸胎瘤非侵入性检测的挑战。循环miR-371a-3p,它在未分化的TGCT中表达，但在畸胎瘤中不表达，是TGCT的有前途的生物标志物。其在血清中的检测，等离子体,and,潜在的,囊性液体可用于TGCT诊断，监视,和监测治疗反应。其他miRNA,如miR-375-3p和miR-375-5p，已被调查以区分TGCT亚型(畸胎瘤，坏死/纤维化，和可行的肿瘤)，可以帮助做出治疗决定。然而,畸胎瘤的可靠标记物尚未确定。miRNA生物标志物的临床应用可以使患者免于不必要的手术，并允许更个性化的治疗方法。特别是在化疗后残留肿块大于1厘米的患者中，区分可行的肿瘤至关重要，畸胎瘤,和坏死/纤维化。畸胎瘤,模仿体细胞组织，在差异化方面提出了挑战，需要全面的诊断方法。miR-371和miR-375的组合显示出提高诊断精度的潜力。有助于区分畸胎瘤，有活力的肿瘤，和坏死。在TGCT护理中实施miRNA生物标志物可以改善患者的预后，减少过度治疗，并促进个性化的治疗策略。然而,目前仍缺乏可靠的畸胎瘤标志物.未来的研究应该集中在这些生物标志物的临床验证和标准化上，以充分发挥其潜力。
