Abstract：
Pregnancy and lactation are special life stages that require regular nutritional and medical attention to help protect the health of the mother and promote the growth and development of the offspring. Despite an increased focus on maternal and fetal health over the last several decades, the rates of pregnancy-related morbidity and mortality are increasing in the United States (US). On average, Black women who are pregnant or lactating face greater health disparities and birth complications than other racial/ethnic groups in the US. The issues contributing to these disparities are multi-faceted and include sociocultural, economic, medical, and dietary factors. For example, Black women face greater rates of food insecurity, worse access to healthcare, and lower nutrient status when compared to White women. A growing body of research suggests that consuming a healthier dietary pattern is one of the most potent modifiable risk factors associated with improved fertility and reducing pregnancy-related complications. Recent publications have also shed light on the role of dairy foods in improving diet quality and nutrient status among Black women and for impacting maternal and fetal health outcomes, such as preeclampsia, spontaneous abortion, preterm birth, and fetal growth. To support healthy pregnancy and lactation, the current national dietary guidelines recommend the consumption of 3 servings of dairy foods per day. However, the vast majority of Black women in the US are falling short of these recommendations and are not meeting nutrient requirements for calcium and vitamin D. Therefore, strategies that target misconceptions surrounding lactose intolerance and focus on the health value of adequate dairy intake among Black women of child-bearing age may benefit both prenatal and postpartum health. This review presents the current evidence on health disparities faced by pregnant and lactating Black women in the US, and the role of dairy foods in supporting healthy pregnancy, fetal development, and lactation outcomes in this population.
摘要：
怀孕和哺乳是特殊的生命阶段，需要定期的营养和医疗护理，以帮助保护母亲的健康并促进后代的生长发育。尽管在过去的几十年中，人们越来越关注孕产妇和胎儿的健康，在美国(US),妊娠相关的发病率和死亡率正在上升.平均而言,与美国其他种族/族裔群体相比，怀孕或哺乳期的黑人妇女面临更大的健康差异和出生并发症。造成这些差距的问题是多方面的，包括社会文化，经济,medical,和饮食因素。例如,黑人妇女面临更大的粮食不安全率，更糟糕的医疗保健，与白人女性相比，营养状况较低。越来越多的研究表明，食用更健康的饮食习惯是与改善生育能力和减少妊娠相关并发症相关的最有效的可改变的风险因素之一。最近的出版物还阐明了乳制品在改善黑人妇女的饮食质量和营养状况以及影响孕产妇和胎儿健康结局方面的作用。如先兆子痫，自然流产,早产,和胎儿的生长。为了支持健康的怀孕和哺乳，当前的国家饮食指南建议每天食用3份乳制品。然而,美国绝大多数黑人女性都没有达到这些建议，不符合钙和维生素D的营养要求。针对乳糖不耐受的错误观念,关注育龄期黑人妇女摄入足够乳制品的健康价值的策略,可能有利于产前和产后健康.这篇综述提供了美国怀孕和哺乳期黑人妇女面临的健康差异的当前证据，以及乳制品在支持健康怀孕中的作用，胎儿发育,以及该人群的泌乳结果。
