Abstract：
BACKGROUND: The factors and patterns associated with antibiotic consumption in infants are unclear. Our aim was to assess the cumulative incidence of antibiotic consumption from birth to 16 months and identify factors associated with antibiotic consumption among infants aged 4-16 months.
METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 2016 in a sample of 18 882 women from Galicia, Spain, who had given birth to a live child between September 1, 2015 and August 31, 2016. We calculated the cumulative incidence of antibiotic consumption based on maternal reports regarding the infant\'s consumption from birth to 14 months obtained through interviews; we did not estimate consumption at ages 15 and 16 months due to the small sample size. To assess which factors were associated with antibiotic consumption, we carried out a nested case-control study matching cases and controls for birth month on a 1:1 ratio.
RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of antibiotic consumption among infants aged 0-14 months increased from 7.5% to 66.0%. The case-control study included data for 1852 cases and 1852 controls. Daycare attendance (OR: 3.8 [95% CI: 3.2-4.6]), having older siblings (OR: 1.8 [95% CI: 1.6-2.1]), health care visits to private clinics (OR: 1.6 [95% CI: 1.4-2.0]), and passive smoking (OR: 1.3 [95% CI: 1.1-1.6]) were associated with an increased probability of antibiotic consumption. Maternal age between 30-39 years or 40 years and over at the time of birth was associated with a decreased probability of antibiotic consumption (OR: 0.8 [95% CI, 0.7-1.0] and OR: 0.6 [95% CI: 0.5-0.8], respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: Some of the factors associated with antibiotic consumption in infants are modifiable and should be considered in the development of public health measures aimed at reducing antibiotic consumption.
METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 2016 in a sample of 18 882 women from Galicia, Spain, who had given birth to a live child between September 1, 2015 and August 31, 2016. We calculated the cumulative incidence of antibiotic consumption based on maternal reports regarding the infant\'s consumption from birth to 14 months obtained through interviews; we did not estimate consumption at ages 15 and 16 months due to the small sample size. To assess which factors were associated with antibiotic consumption, we carried out a nested case-control study matching cases and controls for birth month on a 1:1 ratio.
RESULTS: The cumulative incidence of antibiotic consumption among infants aged 0-14 months increased from 7.5% to 66.0%. The case-control study included data for 1852 cases and 1852 controls. Daycare attendance (OR: 3.8 [95% CI: 3.2-4.6]), having older siblings (OR: 1.8 [95% CI: 1.6-2.1]), health care visits to private clinics (OR: 1.6 [95% CI: 1.4-2.0]), and passive smoking (OR: 1.3 [95% CI: 1.1-1.6]) were associated with an increased probability of antibiotic consumption. Maternal age between 30-39 years or 40 years and over at the time of birth was associated with a decreased probability of antibiotic consumption (OR: 0.8 [95% CI, 0.7-1.0] and OR: 0.6 [95% CI: 0.5-0.8], respectively).
CONCLUSIONS: Some of the factors associated with antibiotic consumption in infants are modifiable and should be considered in the development of public health measures aimed at reducing antibiotic consumption.
摘要：
背景：与婴儿抗生素消耗相关的因素和模式尚不清楚。我们的目的是评估从出生到16个月抗生素消费的累积发生率，并确定与4-16个月婴儿抗生素消费相关的因素。
方法：我们在2016年对来自加利西亚的18882名女性进行了横断面研究。西班牙,在2015年9月1日至2016年8月31日期间生下一个活孩子。我们根据母亲通过访谈获得的婴儿从出生到14个月的消费报告计算了抗生素消费的累积发生率；由于样本量小，我们没有估计15和16个月的消费。为了评估哪些因素与抗生素消耗相关，我们进行了一项巢式病例对照研究,以1:1的比例匹配出生月份的病例和对照.
结果：0-14个月婴儿的抗生素消费累积发生率从7.5%增加到66.0%。病例对照研究包括1852例和1852例对照的数据。日托出勤率（OR：3.8[95%CI：3.2-4.6]），有年长的兄弟姐妹(OR：1.8[95%CI：1.6-2.1])，私人诊所的医疗保健访问(OR：1.6[95%CI：1.4-2.0])，和被动吸烟(OR:1.3[95%CI:1.1-1.6])与抗生素消费概率增加相关.出生时年龄在30-39岁或40岁及以上的产妇与抗生素消耗的可能性降低相关（OR：0.8[95％CI，0.7-1.0]和OR：0.6[95％CI：0.5-0.8]，分别)。
结论：与婴儿抗生素消费相关的一些因素是可以改变的，在制定旨在减少抗生素消费的公共卫生措施时应该加以考虑。
方法：我们在2016年对来自加利西亚的18882名女性进行了横断面研究。西班牙,在2015年9月1日至2016年8月31日期间生下一个活孩子。我们根据母亲通过访谈获得的婴儿从出生到14个月的消费报告计算了抗生素消费的累积发生率；由于样本量小，我们没有估计15和16个月的消费。为了评估哪些因素与抗生素消耗相关，我们进行了一项巢式病例对照研究,以1:1的比例匹配出生月份的病例和对照.
结果：0-14个月婴儿的抗生素消费累积发生率从7.5%增加到66.0%。病例对照研究包括1852例和1852例对照的数据。日托出勤率（OR：3.8[95%CI：3.2-4.6]），有年长的兄弟姐妹(OR：1.8[95%CI：1.6-2.1])，私人诊所的医疗保健访问(OR：1.6[95%CI：1.4-2.0])，和被动吸烟(OR:1.3[95%CI:1.1-1.6])与抗生素消费概率增加相关.出生时年龄在30-39岁或40岁及以上的产妇与抗生素消耗的可能性降低相关（OR：0.8[95％CI，0.7-1.0]和OR：0.6[95％CI：0.5-0.8]，分别)。
结论：与婴儿抗生素消费相关的一些因素是可以改变的，在制定旨在减少抗生素消费的公共卫生措施时应该加以考虑。
