Abstract：
BACKGROUND: One of the most unique plants that have ever grown on the planet is Ginkgo biloba L., a member of the Ginkgoaceae family with no close living relatives. The existence of several differently structured components of G. biloba has increased the chemical variety of herbal therapy. Numerous studies that investigated the biochemical characteristics of G. biloba suggest this plant as a potential treatment for many illnesses.
OBJECTIVE: Review the molecular mechanisms involved in the signaling pathways of G. biloba activity in varied circumstances and its potential as a novel treatment for various illnesses.
METHODS: Studies focusing on the molecular processes and signaling pathways of compounds and extracts of G. biloba were found and summarized using the proper keywords and operators from Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus without time restrictions.
RESULTS: G. biloba exerts its effects through its anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antibacterial, pulmoprotective, renoprotective, anti-osteoporosis, anti-melanogenic, retinoprotective, otoprotective, adipogenic, and anti-adipogenic properties. The most important mechanisms involved in these actions are altering the elevation of ROS formation, inhibiting NADPH oxidases activation, altering the expression of antioxidant enzymes, downregulating MAPKs (p38 MAPK and ERK, and JNK) and AP-1, increasing cAMP, inactivating Stat5, activating the AMPK signaling pathway, affecting Stat3/JAK2, NF-κB, Nrf-2, mTOR, HGF/c-Met, Wnt/β-catenin and BMP signaling pathways, and changing the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, the release of Cyc from mitochondria to cytosol, the protein cleavage of caspases 3, 7, 8, 9, and 12, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and MMPs levels.
CONCLUSIONS: G. biloba and its components have gained attention in recent years for their therapeutic benefits, such as their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and apoptotic effects. By understanding their molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways, potential novel medicines might be developed in response to the rising public desire for new therapies.
OBJECTIVE: Review the molecular mechanisms involved in the signaling pathways of G. biloba activity in varied circumstances and its potential as a novel treatment for various illnesses.
METHODS: Studies focusing on the molecular processes and signaling pathways of compounds and extracts of G. biloba were found and summarized using the proper keywords and operators from Google Scholar, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus without time restrictions.
RESULTS: G. biloba exerts its effects through its anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-cancer, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, antiviral, antibacterial, pulmoprotective, renoprotective, anti-osteoporosis, anti-melanogenic, retinoprotective, otoprotective, adipogenic, and anti-adipogenic properties. The most important mechanisms involved in these actions are altering the elevation of ROS formation, inhibiting NADPH oxidases activation, altering the expression of antioxidant enzymes, downregulating MAPKs (p38 MAPK and ERK, and JNK) and AP-1, increasing cAMP, inactivating Stat5, activating the AMPK signaling pathway, affecting Stat3/JAK2, NF-κB, Nrf-2, mTOR, HGF/c-Met, Wnt/β-catenin and BMP signaling pathways, and changing the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, the release of Cyc from mitochondria to cytosol, the protein cleavage of caspases 3, 7, 8, 9, and 12, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, and MMPs levels.
CONCLUSIONS: G. biloba and its components have gained attention in recent years for their therapeutic benefits, such as their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-apoptotic, and apoptotic effects. By understanding their molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways, potential novel medicines might be developed in response to the rising public desire for new therapies.
摘要：
背景：这个星球上生长的最独特的植物之一是银杏，银杏科的成员，没有近亲。银杏叶的几种不同结构成分的存在增加了草药治疗的化学多样性。研究银杏叶的生化特性的大量研究表明，这种植物可以作为许多疾病的潜在治疗方法。
目的：回顾在不同情况下参与银杏叶活性信号通路的分子机制及其作为治疗各种疾病的新方法的潜力。
方法：使用GoogleScholar的适当关键字和运算符，发现并总结了关注银杏叶化合物和提取物的分子过程和信号通路的研究，PubMed,WebofScience,和Scopus没有时间限制。
结果：G.银杏叶通过其抗炎作用发挥其作用，抗凋亡，抗癌，神经保护,心脏保护,保肝,抗病毒，抗菌，保护脉搏,保护肾脏,抗骨质疏松,抗黑色素生成，视网膜保护,耳保护,成脂,和抗脂肪生成特性。这些作用中最重要的机制是改变ROS形成的升高，抑制NADPH氧化酶活化，改变抗氧化酶的表达，下调MAPK（p38MAPK和ERK，和JNK)和AP-1，增加cAMP，灭活Stat5，激活AMPK信号通路，影响Stat3/JAK2，NF-κB，Nrf-2，mTOR，HGF/c-Met,Wnt/β-catenin和BMP信号通路,改变线粒体跨膜电位，Bax/Bcl-2比率，Cyc从线粒体释放到细胞质，caspases3、7、8、9和12的蛋白质切割，聚（ADP-核糖）聚合酶，和MMPs水平。
结论：G.近年来，银杏叶及其成分因其治疗益处而受到关注，比如他们的抗炎，抗氧化剂，抗凋亡，和凋亡效应。通过了解它们的分子机制和信号通路，潜在的新药可能会被开发出来，以应对公众对新疗法日益增长的需求。
目的：回顾在不同情况下参与银杏叶活性信号通路的分子机制及其作为治疗各种疾病的新方法的潜力。
方法：使用GoogleScholar的适当关键字和运算符，发现并总结了关注银杏叶化合物和提取物的分子过程和信号通路的研究，PubMed,WebofScience,和Scopus没有时间限制。
结果：G.银杏叶通过其抗炎作用发挥其作用，抗凋亡，抗癌，神经保护,心脏保护,保肝,抗病毒，抗菌，保护脉搏,保护肾脏,抗骨质疏松,抗黑色素生成，视网膜保护,耳保护,成脂,和抗脂肪生成特性。这些作用中最重要的机制是改变ROS形成的升高，抑制NADPH氧化酶活化，改变抗氧化酶的表达，下调MAPK（p38MAPK和ERK，和JNK)和AP-1，增加cAMP，灭活Stat5，激活AMPK信号通路，影响Stat3/JAK2，NF-κB，Nrf-2，mTOR，HGF/c-Met,Wnt/β-catenin和BMP信号通路,改变线粒体跨膜电位，Bax/Bcl-2比率，Cyc从线粒体释放到细胞质，caspases3、7、8、9和12的蛋白质切割，聚（ADP-核糖）聚合酶，和MMPs水平。
结论：G.近年来，银杏叶及其成分因其治疗益处而受到关注，比如他们的抗炎，抗氧化剂，抗凋亡，和凋亡效应。通过了解它们的分子机制和信号通路，潜在的新药可能会被开发出来，以应对公众对新疗法日益增长的需求。
