Abstract：
The use of additives, especially colorants, in food and pharmaceutical industry is increasing dramatically. Currently, additives are classified as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). Concerns have been raised about the potential hazards of food additives to reproductive organs and fertility. The present study investigates the reproductive toxicity of tartrazine (TRZ), a synthetic colorant, in male rats and aims to explore the curative effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb) against TRZ-induced testicular toxicity. Twenty-four rats were divided into four groups: the control (0.5 ml distilled water), the EGb group (100 mg/kg EGb alone), the TRZ group (7.5 mg/kg TRZ alone), and the TRZ-EGb group (7.5 mg/kg TRZ plus 100 mg/kg EGb). The doses were administered orally in distilled water once daily for 28 days. Toxicity studies of TRZ investigated testicular redox state, serum gonadotropins, and testosterone levels, testicular 17 ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity, sperm count and quality, levels of inflammatory cytokines, and caspase-3 expression as an apoptotic marker. Also, histopathological alterations of the testes were examined. TRZ significantly affected the testicular redox status as indicated by the increase in malondialdehyde and the decrease in reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. It also disrupted serum gonadotropins (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) and testosterone levels and the activity of testicular 17ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Additionally, TRZ adversely affected sperm count, motility, viability, and abnormality. Levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and expression of caspase-3 were increased in the testes. Histopathological examination of the testes supported the alterations mentioned above. Administration of EGb significantly ameliorated TRZ-induced testicular toxicity in rats. In conclusion, EGb protected against TRZ-induced testicular toxicity through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms.
摘要：
添加剂的使用，尤其是着色剂，在食品和制药行业正在急剧增加。目前,添加剂被归类为新兴关注的污染物(CEC)。人们对食品添加剂对生殖器官和生育能力的潜在危害表示关注。本研究调查了柠檬黄（TRZ）的生殖毒性，一种合成着色剂，目的探讨银杏叶提取物(EGb)对TRZ致睾丸毒性的疗效。将24只大鼠分为四组：对照组（0.5ml蒸馏水），EGb组（仅100mg/kgEGb），TRZ组（仅7.5mg/kgTRZ），和TRZ-EGb组(7.5mg/kgTRZ加100mg/kgEGb)。每天一次在蒸馏水中口服给药剂量,持续28天。TRZ的毒性研究调查了睾丸氧化还原状态，血清促性腺激素，和睾丸激素水平，睾丸17β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶活性，精子数量和质量，炎症细胞因子的水平，和caspase-3表达作为凋亡标志物。此外，检查了睾丸的组织病理学改变。TRZ显著影响睾丸氧化还原状态，如丙二醛的增加和还原型谷胱甘肽的减少所示，超氧化物歧化酶,还有过氧化氢酶.它还破坏了血清促性腺激素（促卵泡激素和黄体生成素）和睾丸激素水平以及睾丸17β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶的活性。此外,TRZ对精子数量有不利影响，运动性,生存能力，和异常。肿瘤坏死因子-α水平,白细胞介素-1β，白细胞介素-6和caspase-3的表达在睾丸中增加。睾丸的组织病理学检查支持上述改变。给药EGb可显着改善TRZ诱导的大鼠睾丸毒性。总之,EGb通过抗氧化剂保护免受TRZ诱导的睾丸毒性，抗炎,和抗凋亡机制。
