Abstract：
Mycotoxins are toxic chemicals that adversely affect human health. Here, we assessed the influence of mycotoxin exposure on the longitudinal development of early life intestinal microbiota of Nigerian neonates and infants (NIs). Human biomonitoring assays based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry were applied to quantify mycotoxins in breast milk (n = 68) consumed by the NIs, their stool (n = 82), and urine samples (n = 15), which were collected longitudinally from month 1-18 postdelivery. Microbial community composition was characterized by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of stool samples and was correlated to mycotoxin exposure patterns. Fumonisin B1 (FB1), FB2, and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME) were frequently quantified in stool samples between months 6 and 18. Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), AME, and citrinin were quantified in breast milk samples at low concentrations. AFM1, FB1, and ochratoxin A were quantified in urine samples at relatively high concentrations. Klebsiella and Escherichia/Shigella were dominant in very early life stool samples (month 1), whereas Bifidobacterium was dominant between months 3 and 6. The total mycotoxin levels in stool were significantly associated with NIs\' gut microbiome composition (PERMANOVA, p < 0.05). However, no significant correlation was observed between specific microbiota and the detection of certain mycotoxins. Albeit a small cohort, this study demonstrates that mycotoxins may influence early life gut microbiome composition.
摘要：
霉菌毒素是对人类健康产生不利影响的有毒化学物质。这里,我们评估了霉菌毒素暴露对尼日利亚新生儿和婴儿(NIs)早期肠道微生物群纵向发育的影响.基于液相色谱串联质谱的人体生物监测测定法用于定量NI消耗的母乳中的真菌毒素（n=68），他们的大便（n=82），和尿液样本（n=15），从分娩后1-18个月纵向收集。通过粪便样品的16SrRNA基因扩增子测序来表征微生物群落组成，并与霉菌毒素暴露模式相关。伏马菌素B1(FB1),在6至18个月之间的粪便样品中，经常对FB2和交替种单甲基醚（AME）进行定量。黄曲霉毒素M1(AFM1),AME,和citrinin在低浓度的母乳样品中进行定量。在尿液样品中以相对较高的浓度定量AFM1，FB1和曲霉毒素A。克雷伯菌和大肠杆菌/志贺氏菌在生命早期的粪便样本中占主导地位（第1个月），而双歧杆菌在3和6个月之间占优势。粪便中的总霉菌毒素水平与NIs\'肠道微生物组组成显着相关(PERMANOVA，p<0.05)。然而,在特定微生物群和某些霉菌毒素的检测之间没有观察到显著的相关性.尽管是一小群人，这项研究表明，真菌毒素可能会影响生命早期肠道微生物组的组成。
