Abstract：
Long-term memories are formed by repeated reactivation of newly encoded information during sleep. This process can be enhanced by using memory-associated reminder cues like sounds and odors. While auditory cueing has been researched extensively, few electrophysiological studies have exploited the various benefits of olfactory cueing. We used high-density electroencephalography in an odor-cueing paradigm that was designed to isolate the neural responses specific to the cueing of declarative memories. We show widespread cueing-induced increases in the duration and rate of sleep spindles. Higher spindle rates were most prominent over centro-parietal areas and largely overlapping with a concurrent increase in the amplitude of slow oscillations (SOs). Interestingly, greater SO amplitudes were linked to a higher likelihood of coupling a spindle and coupled spindles expressed during cueing were more numerous in particular around SO up states. We thus identify temporally and spatially coordinated enhancements of sleep spindles and slow oscillations as a candidate mechanism behind cueing-induced memory processing. Our results further demonstrate the feasibility of studying neural activity patterns linked to such processing using olfactory cueing during sleep.
摘要：
长期记忆是通过在睡眠期间重复重新激活新编码的信息而形成的。可以通过使用与记忆相关的提醒提示(如声音和气味)来增强该过程。虽然听觉线索已经被广泛研究，很少有电生理学研究利用嗅觉提示的各种好处。我们在气味提示范例中使用了高密度脑电图，该范例旨在隔离特定于陈述性记忆提示的神经反应。我们显示了广泛的提示引起的睡眠纺锤波持续时间和速率的增加。较高的主轴速率在中央顶叶区域最为突出，并且在很大程度上与缓慢振荡（SO）的振幅同时增加重叠。有趣的是,更大的SO振幅与更高的耦合主轴的可能性有关，并且在提示过程中表达的耦合主轴数量更多，特别是在SO向上状态附近。因此，我们确定了睡眠纺锤和缓慢振荡的时间和空间协调增强，作为提示诱导的记忆处理背后的候选机制。我们的结果进一步证明了在睡眠期间使用嗅觉提示研究与这种处理相关的神经活动模式的可行性。
