PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
The phenomenon of mind wandering (MW), as a family of experiences related to internally directed cognition, heavily influences vigilance evolution. In particular, humans in teleoperations monitoring partially automated fleet before assuming manual control whenever necessary may see their attention drift due to internal sources; as such, it could play an important role in the emergence of out-of-the-loop (OOTL) situations and associated performance problems. To follow, quantify, and mitigate this phenomenon, electroencephalogram (EEG) systems already demonstrated robust results. As MW creates an attentional decoupling, both ERPs and brain oscillations are impacted. However, the factors influencing these markers in complex environments are still not fully understood. In this paper, we specifically addressed the possibility of gradual emergence of attentional decoupling and the differences created by the sensory modality used to convey targets. Eighteen participants were asked to (1) supervise an automated drone performing an obstacle avoidance task (visual task) and (2) respond to infrequent beeps as fast as possible (auditory task). We measured event-related potentials and alpha waves through EEG. We also added a 40-Hz amplitude modulated brown noise to evoke steady-state auditory response (ASSR). Reported MW episodes were categorized between task-related and task-unrelated episodes. We found that N1 ERP component elicited by beeps had lower amplitude during task-unrelated MW, whereas P3 component had higher amplitude during task-related MW, compared with other attentional states. Focusing on parieto-occipital regions, alpha-wave activity was higher during task-unrelated MW compared with others. These results support the decoupling hypothesis for task-unrelated MW but not task-related MW, highlighting possible variations in the \"depth\" of decoupling depending on MW episodes. Finally, we found no influence of attentional states on ASSR amplitude. We discuss possible reasons explaining why. Results underline both the ability of EEG to track and study MW in laboratory tasks mimicking ecological environments, as well as the complex influence of perceptual decoupling on operators\' behavior and, in particular, EEG measures.
摘要：
走神现象（MW），作为一个与内部定向认知相关的经历家族，严重影响警惕性进化。特别是,远程操作中的人类在必要时进行手动控制之前监视部分自动化的车队，可能会看到由于内部来源而引起的注意力漂移；因此，它可以在出现外循环（OOTL）情况和相关的性能问题中发挥重要作用。跟随,量化、缓解这种现象，脑电图（EEG）系统已经证明了可靠的结果。随着MW产生了一种注意力上的解耦，ERP和大脑振荡都会受到影响。然而,在复杂环境中影响这些标记的因素仍未完全了解。在本文中,我们特别讨论了逐渐出现的注意解耦的可能性以及用于传达目标的感觉方式所产生的差异。18名参与者被要求（1）监督执行避障任务（视觉任务）的自动无人机，以及（2）尽可能快地响应不频繁的蜂鸣声（听觉任务）。我们通过脑电图测量事件相关电位和α波。我们还添加了40Hz幅度调制的棕色噪声以引起稳态听觉响应（ASSR）。报告的MW发作分为与任务相关的发作和与任务无关的发作。我们发现，蜂鸣声引起的N1ERP分量在任务无关的MW期间具有较低的幅度，而P3分量在任务相关MW期间具有较高的振幅，与其他注意状态相比。专注于顶枕区，与任务无关的MW期间的α波活性高于其他。这些结果支持任务无关MW而不是任务相关MW的解耦假设，突出显示解耦“深度”的可能变化，具体取决于MW事件。最后,我们发现注意状态对ASSR振幅没有影响。我们讨论解释原因的可能原因。结果强调了EEG在模仿生态环境的实验室任务中跟踪和研究MW的能力，以及感知解耦对操作者行为的复杂影响，特别是,脑电图测量。
