Abstract：
Trace metal contamination is a widespread issue due to its many natural and anthropogenic sources and known carcinogenic, teratogenic, and reproductive effects. As previous invertebrate trace metal research has primarily focused on model species (Daphnia magna, Chironomidae, etc.), our understanding of effects on non-model invertebrate species remains relatively poor. As such, this study assessed the exposure effects of cadmium, arsenic, and lead on viability, locomotor behavior, and embryonic development of the Seminole ramshorn snail (Planorbella duryi). Exposure treatments of CdCl2 , Na2 HAsO4 • 7H2 O, or Pb (NO3 )2 were prepared at concentrations of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L and confirmed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). Individual adult P. duryi were exposed for 7 days with viability assessed every 24 h, and locomotor behavior was accessed on Days 1 and 7 using ToxTrac v2.97 automated behavior software. Individual embryos from newly laid (<6 h old) embryonic clutches were exposed for 10 days, during which embryonic development stage was documented every 24 h. Based on our results, an additional follow-up study for cadmium was conducted using a lower range of 0-0.1 mg/L to allow for the observation of sublethal endpoints. Adult lead and cadmium exposure resulted in significant mortality in the highest treatments (1 and 10 mg/L), dose-dependent behavioral effects, and delayed embryonic development. Arsenic exposures resulted in little to no impacts for all assessed endpoints. Our results provide new insight into the sublethal impacts of these contaminants and highlight potential for behavior and embryonic development as useful tools for risk assessment. PRACTITIONER POINTS: The exposure effects of lead, cadmium, and arsenic on the viability, embryonic development, and locomotor behavior of a common freshwater snail species was investigated using environmentally relevant concentrations. The severity of impact differed for each trace metal, with cadmium being the most toxic and arsenic the least toxic at concentrations ranging from 0 to 10 mg/L. Embryonic development appeared to be the most sensitive endpoint of those tested in this study, suggesting that exposure may have prolonged effects that extend to population and community levels. The Seminole ramshorn snail serves as a sensitive alternative model species that can be used to assess the impacts of contaminants on freshwater invertebrates in future studies.
摘要：
痕量金属污染是一个普遍的问题，由于其许多自然和人为来源和已知的致癌物质，致畸,和生殖效应。由于以前的无脊椎动物痕量金属研究主要集中在模型物种(Daphniamagna，摇蚊科,等。),我们对非模型无脊椎动物物种的影响的理解仍然相对较差。因此，这项研究评估了镉的暴露影响，砷,并领导生存能力，运动行为，和塞米诺尔ramshorn蜗牛（Planorbelladuryi）的胚胎发育。CdCl2的暴露处理，Na2HAsO4•7H2O,或Pb（NO3）2以0、0.01、0.1、1和10mg/L的浓度制备，并使用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱（ICP-OES）进行确认。个体成年P.duryi暴露7天，每24小时评估一次生存力，在第1天和第7天使用ToxTracv2.97自动行为软件访问运动行为。将来自新产下（<6小时大）胚胎离合器的单个胚胎暴露10天，每24小时记录一次胚胎发育阶段。根据我们的结果，我们使用0-0.1mg/L的较低范围进行了镉的额外随访研究，以观察亚致死终点。成人铅和镉暴露导致最高处理（1和10mg/L）的显著死亡率，剂量依赖性行为效应，和延迟的胚胎发育。砷暴露对所有评估终点几乎没有影响。我们的结果为这些污染物的亚致死性影响提供了新的见解，并强调了行为和胚胎发育的潜力，作为风险评估的有用工具。实践要点：铅的暴露效应，镉,和砷对生存能力的影响，胚胎发育,并使用环境相关浓度研究了常见淡水蜗牛物种的运动行为。每种痕量金属的冲击严重程度不同，镉的毒性最大，砷的毒性最小，浓度范围为0至10mg/L。胚胎发育似乎是这项研究中最敏感的终点，这表明暴露可能会对人口和社区产生长期影响。Seminoleramshorn蜗牛是一种敏感的替代模型物种，可用于在未来的研究中评估污染物对淡水无脊椎动物的影响。
