Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the anti-virulence and anti-biofilm effects of 1,2,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-ᴅ-glucose (TGG), isolated from Camellia nitidissima Chi flowers, on Proteus penneri ALK 1200.
RESULTS: TGG was isolated from C. nitidissima Chi flowers using various chromatographic techniques. The milk plate assay, azocasein assay, and exopolysaccharides (EPS) inhibition assay revealed that TGG effectively inhibited the production of crucial virulence factors, including protease and EPS, in P. penneri ALK 1200. Furthermore, fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FT-IR) analysis indicated that TGG interfered with the composition of P. penneri ALK 1200\'s cellular component, potentially reducing the bacteria\'s pathogenicity. In addition, crystal violet assay, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analysis indicated a significant reduction in biofilm formation following TGG treatment. The swimming and swarming assays also showed that TGG reduced the motility of P. penneri ALK 1200. Furthermore, the qRT-PCR assay demonstrated that TGG down-regulated the expression of positive regulatory genes (hfq and flhD) responsible for motility and biofilm formation, while up-regulating the expression of the negative regulator of the quorum sensing system, bssS, in P. penneri ALK 1200.
CONCLUSIONS: TGG displayed potent anti-QS and anti-biofilm activity towards P. penneri ALK 1200.
RESULTS: TGG was isolated from C. nitidissima Chi flowers using various chromatographic techniques. The milk plate assay, azocasein assay, and exopolysaccharides (EPS) inhibition assay revealed that TGG effectively inhibited the production of crucial virulence factors, including protease and EPS, in P. penneri ALK 1200. Furthermore, fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FT-IR) analysis indicated that TGG interfered with the composition of P. penneri ALK 1200\'s cellular component, potentially reducing the bacteria\'s pathogenicity. In addition, crystal violet assay, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analysis indicated a significant reduction in biofilm formation following TGG treatment. The swimming and swarming assays also showed that TGG reduced the motility of P. penneri ALK 1200. Furthermore, the qRT-PCR assay demonstrated that TGG down-regulated the expression of positive regulatory genes (hfq and flhD) responsible for motility and biofilm formation, while up-regulating the expression of the negative regulator of the quorum sensing system, bssS, in P. penneri ALK 1200.
CONCLUSIONS: TGG displayed potent anti-QS and anti-biofilm activity towards P. penneri ALK 1200.
摘要：
目的：本研究调查了1,2,6-三-O-没食子酰-β-葡萄糖（TGG）的抗毒性和抗生物膜作用，从山茶花中分离出来，在ProteuspenneriALK1200上。
结果:使用各种色谱技术从夜蛾花中分离出TGG。牛奶板测定，偶氮酪蛋白测定，胞外多糖(EPS)抑制实验表明,TGG能有效抑制关键毒力因子的产生,包括蛋白酶和EPS,在P.PenneriALK1200。此外，傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）分析表明，TGG干扰了P.penneriALK1200的细胞成分组成，可能降低细菌的致病性。此外,结晶紫测定,扫描电子显微镜（SEM），和共聚焦激光扫描显微镜（CLSM）分析表明TGG处理后生物膜形成显着减少。游泳和成群试验还表明，TGG降低了P.penneriALK1200的运动性。此外，qRT-PCR分析显示TGG下调了负责运动性和生物膜形成的阳性调节基因（hfq和flhD）的表达，在上调群体感应系统负调节因子表达的同时，bssS,在P.PenneriALK1200。
结论:TGG表现出对P.penneriALK1200的有效抗QS和抗生物膜活性。
结果:使用各种色谱技术从夜蛾花中分离出TGG。牛奶板测定，偶氮酪蛋白测定，胞外多糖(EPS)抑制实验表明,TGG能有效抑制关键毒力因子的产生,包括蛋白酶和EPS,在P.PenneriALK1200。此外，傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）分析表明，TGG干扰了P.penneriALK1200的细胞成分组成，可能降低细菌的致病性。此外,结晶紫测定,扫描电子显微镜（SEM），和共聚焦激光扫描显微镜（CLSM）分析表明TGG处理后生物膜形成显着减少。游泳和成群试验还表明，TGG降低了P.penneriALK1200的运动性。此外，qRT-PCR分析显示TGG下调了负责运动性和生物膜形成的阳性调节基因（hfq和flhD）的表达，在上调群体感应系统负调节因子表达的同时，bssS,在P.PenneriALK1200。
结论:TGG表现出对P.penneriALK1200的有效抗QS和抗生物膜活性。
