Abstract：
Heavy metals are found naturally in our environment and have many uses and applications in daily life. However, high concentrations of metals may be a result of pollution due to industrialization. In particular, cadmium (Cd), a white metal abundantly distributed in the terrestrial crust, is found in mines together with zinc, which accumulates after volcanic eruption or is found naturally in the sea and earth. High levels of Cd have been associated with disease. In the human body, Cd accumulates in two ways: via inhalation or consumption, mainly of plants or fish contaminated with high concentrations. Several international organizations have been working to establish the limit values of heavy metals in food, water, and the environment to avoid their toxic effects. Increased Cd levels may induce kidney, liver, or neurological diseases. Cd mainly accumulates in the kidney, causing renal disease in people exposed to moderate to high levels, which leads to the development of end-stage chronic kidney disease or death. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of Cd-induced nephrotoxicity, the mechanisms of Cd damage, and the current treatments used to reduce the toxic effects of Cd exposure.
摘要：
重金属在我们的环境中自然存在，在日常生活中有许多用途和应用。然而,高浓度的金属可能是工业化污染的结果。特别是,镉(Cd),大量分布在地壳中的白色金属，与锌一起在矿山中发现，它在火山喷发后积累或在海洋和地球中自然发现。高水平的Cd与疾病有关。在人体中,Cd以两种方式积累：通过吸入或消耗，主要是被高浓度污染的植物或鱼类。几个国际组织一直在努力确定食品中重金属的限值，水,和环境，以避免其毒性作用。Cd水平升高可能会诱发肾脏，肝脏,或神经系统疾病。Cd主要积累在肾脏中,在暴露于中等至高水平的人群中引起肾脏疾病，导致终末期慢性肾脏疾病或死亡的发展。这篇综述的目的是概述镉诱导的肾毒性，Cd损伤的机制，以及目前用于减少Cd暴露的毒性作用的治疗方法。
