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Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between visual symptoms and use of digital devices considering the presence of visual dysfunctions.
METHODS: An optometric examination was conducted in a clinical sample of 346 patients to diagnose any type of visual anomaly. Visual symptoms were collected using the validated SQVD questionnaire. A threshold of 6 hours per day was used to quantify the effects of digital device usage and patients were divided into two groups: under and above of 35 years old. A multivariate logistic regression was employed to investigate the association between digital device use and symptoms, with visual dysfunctions considered as a confounding variable. Crude and the adjusted odds ratio (OR) were calculated for each variable.
RESULTS: 57.02 % of the subjects reported visual symptoms, and 65.02% exhibited some form of visual dysfunction. For patients under 35 years old, an association was found between having visual symptoms and digital device use (OR = 2.10, p = 0.01). However, after adjusting for visual dysfunctions, this association disappeared (OR = 1.44, p = 0.27) and the association was instead between symptoms and refractive dysfunction (OR = 6.52, p < 0.001), accommodative (OR = 10.47, p < 0.001), binocular (OR = 6.68, p < 0.001) and accommodative plus binocular dysfunctions (OR = 46.84, p < 0.001). Among patients over 35 years old, no association was found between symptoms and the use of digital devices (OR = 1.27, p = 0.49) but there was an association between symptoms and refractive dysfunction (OR = 3.54, p = 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Visual symptoms are not dependent on the duration of digital device use but rather on the presence of any type of visual dysfunction: refractive, accommodative and/or binocular one, which should be diagnosed.
METHODS: An optometric examination was conducted in a clinical sample of 346 patients to diagnose any type of visual anomaly. Visual symptoms were collected using the validated SQVD questionnaire. A threshold of 6 hours per day was used to quantify the effects of digital device usage and patients were divided into two groups: under and above of 35 years old. A multivariate logistic regression was employed to investigate the association between digital device use and symptoms, with visual dysfunctions considered as a confounding variable. Crude and the adjusted odds ratio (OR) were calculated for each variable.
RESULTS: 57.02 % of the subjects reported visual symptoms, and 65.02% exhibited some form of visual dysfunction. For patients under 35 years old, an association was found between having visual symptoms and digital device use (OR = 2.10, p = 0.01). However, after adjusting for visual dysfunctions, this association disappeared (OR = 1.44, p = 0.27) and the association was instead between symptoms and refractive dysfunction (OR = 6.52, p < 0.001), accommodative (OR = 10.47, p < 0.001), binocular (OR = 6.68, p < 0.001) and accommodative plus binocular dysfunctions (OR = 46.84, p < 0.001). Among patients over 35 years old, no association was found between symptoms and the use of digital devices (OR = 1.27, p = 0.49) but there was an association between symptoms and refractive dysfunction (OR = 3.54, p = 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS: Visual symptoms are not dependent on the duration of digital device use but rather on the presence of any type of visual dysfunction: refractive, accommodative and/or binocular one, which should be diagnosed.
摘要：
目的：评估视觉症状与考虑视觉功能障碍存在的数字设备使用之间的关联。
方法：对346名患者的临床样本进行了验光检查，以诊断任何类型的视觉异常。使用验证的SQVD问卷收集视觉症状。使用每天6小时的阈值来量化数字设备使用的影响，并将患者分为两组：35岁以下和以上。采用多变量逻辑回归来调查数字设备使用与症状之间的关联，视觉功能障碍被认为是一个混杂变量。计算每个变量的粗值和调整后的比值比(OR)。
结果：57.02％的受试者报告了视觉症状，65.02％表现出某种形式的视觉功能障碍。对于35岁以下的患者，发现视觉症状与使用数字设备之间存在关联(OR=2.10,p=0.01).然而,在调整视觉功能障碍后，这种关联消失了（OR=1.44，p=0.27），而症状与屈光功能障碍之间存在关联（OR=6.52，p<0.001），调节(OR=10.47，p<0.001)，双眼（OR=6.68，p<0.001）和调节性加双眼功能障碍（OR=46.84，p<0.001）。在35岁以上的患者中，症状与使用数码设备之间未发现关联(OR=1.27,p=0.49),但症状与屈光功能障碍之间存在关联(OR=3.54,p=0.001).
结论：视觉症状不取决于数字设备使用的持续时间，而是取决于任何类型的视觉功能障碍的存在：屈光，调节和/或双目，这应该被诊断出来。
方法：对346名患者的临床样本进行了验光检查，以诊断任何类型的视觉异常。使用验证的SQVD问卷收集视觉症状。使用每天6小时的阈值来量化数字设备使用的影响，并将患者分为两组：35岁以下和以上。采用多变量逻辑回归来调查数字设备使用与症状之间的关联，视觉功能障碍被认为是一个混杂变量。计算每个变量的粗值和调整后的比值比(OR)。
结果：57.02％的受试者报告了视觉症状，65.02％表现出某种形式的视觉功能障碍。对于35岁以下的患者，发现视觉症状与使用数字设备之间存在关联(OR=2.10,p=0.01).然而,在调整视觉功能障碍后，这种关联消失了（OR=1.44，p=0.27），而症状与屈光功能障碍之间存在关联（OR=6.52，p<0.001），调节(OR=10.47，p<0.001)，双眼（OR=6.68，p<0.001）和调节性加双眼功能障碍（OR=46.84，p<0.001）。在35岁以上的患者中，症状与使用数码设备之间未发现关联(OR=1.27,p=0.49),但症状与屈光功能障碍之间存在关联(OR=3.54,p=0.001).
结论：视觉症状不取决于数字设备使用的持续时间，而是取决于任何类型的视觉功能障碍的存在：屈光，调节和/或双目，这应该被诊断出来。
