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Abstract：
BACKGROUND: The Aizoaceae family\'s Sesuvium sesuvioides (Fenzl) Verdc is a medicinal species of the Cholistan desert, Pakistan. The purpose of this study was to determine the genomic features and phylogenetic position of the Sesuvium genus in the Aizoaceae family. We used the Illumina HiSeq2500 and paired-end sequencing to publish the complete chloroplast sequence of S. sesuvioides.
RESULTS: The 155,849 bp length cp genome sequence of S. sesuvioides has a 36.8% GC content. The Leucine codon has the greatest codon use (10.6%), 81 simple sequence repetitions of 19 kinds, and 79 oligonucleotide repeats. We investigated the phylogeny of the order Caryophyllales\' 27 species from 23 families and 25 distinct genera. The maximum likelihood tree indicated Sesuvium as a monophyletic genus, and sister to Tetragonia. A comparison of S. sesuvioides, with Sesuvium portulacastrum, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Mesembryanthemum cordifolium, and Tetragonia tetragonoides was performed using the NCBI platform. In the comparative investigation of genomes, all five genera revealed comparable cp genome structure, gene number and composition. All five species lacked the rps15 gene and the rpl2 intron. In most comparisons with S. sesuvioides, transition substitutions (Ts) were more frequent than transversion substitutions (Tv), producing Ts/Tv ratios larger than one, and the Ka/Ks ratio was lower than one. We determined ten highly polymorphic regions, comprising rpl22, rpl32-trnL-UAG, trnD-GUC-trnY-GUA, trnE-UUC-trnT-GGU, trnK-UUU-rps16, trnM-CAU-atpE, trnH-GUG-psbA, psaJ-rpl33, rps4-trnT-UGU, and trnF-GAA-ndhJ.
CONCLUSIONS: The whole S. sesuvioides chloroplast will be examined as a resource for in-depth taxonomic research of the genus when more Sesuvium and Aizoaceae species are sequenced in the future. The chloroplast genomes of the Aizoaceae family are well preserved, with little alterations, indicating the family\'s monophyletic origin. This study\'s highly polymorphic regions could be utilized to build realistic and low-cost molecular markers for resolving taxonomic discrepancies, new species identification, and finding evolutionary links among Aizoaceae species. To properly comprehend the evolution of the Aizoaceae family, further species need to be sequenced.
RESULTS: The 155,849 bp length cp genome sequence of S. sesuvioides has a 36.8% GC content. The Leucine codon has the greatest codon use (10.6%), 81 simple sequence repetitions of 19 kinds, and 79 oligonucleotide repeats. We investigated the phylogeny of the order Caryophyllales\' 27 species from 23 families and 25 distinct genera. The maximum likelihood tree indicated Sesuvium as a monophyletic genus, and sister to Tetragonia. A comparison of S. sesuvioides, with Sesuvium portulacastrum, Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, Mesembryanthemum cordifolium, and Tetragonia tetragonoides was performed using the NCBI platform. In the comparative investigation of genomes, all five genera revealed comparable cp genome structure, gene number and composition. All five species lacked the rps15 gene and the rpl2 intron. In most comparisons with S. sesuvioides, transition substitutions (Ts) were more frequent than transversion substitutions (Tv), producing Ts/Tv ratios larger than one, and the Ka/Ks ratio was lower than one. We determined ten highly polymorphic regions, comprising rpl22, rpl32-trnL-UAG, trnD-GUC-trnY-GUA, trnE-UUC-trnT-GGU, trnK-UUU-rps16, trnM-CAU-atpE, trnH-GUG-psbA, psaJ-rpl33, rps4-trnT-UGU, and trnF-GAA-ndhJ.
CONCLUSIONS: The whole S. sesuvioides chloroplast will be examined as a resource for in-depth taxonomic research of the genus when more Sesuvium and Aizoaceae species are sequenced in the future. The chloroplast genomes of the Aizoaceae family are well preserved, with little alterations, indicating the family\'s monophyletic origin. This study\'s highly polymorphic regions could be utilized to build realistic and low-cost molecular markers for resolving taxonomic discrepancies, new species identification, and finding evolutionary links among Aizoaceae species. To properly comprehend the evolution of the Aizoaceae family, further species need to be sequenced.
摘要：
背景：Aizoaceae家族的Sesuvioides（Fenzl）Verdc是Cholistan沙漠的药用物种，巴基斯坦。这项研究的目的是确定菊科中Sesuvium属的基因组特征和系统发育位置。我们使用IlluminaHiSeq2500和配对末端测序来发布S.sesuvioides的完整叶绿体序列。
结果：Sesuvioides的155,849bp长度的cp基因组序列具有36.8%的GC含量。亮氨酸密码子的密码子使用率最高（10.6%），19种的81个简单序列重复，和79个寡核苷酸重复。我们调查了来自23科和25个不同属的27种石竹目的系统发育。最大似然树表明Sesuvium为单系属，还有Tetragonia的妹妹.S.sesuvioides的比较，与SesuviumMassulacastrum，结晶中胚层，中胚花，并使用NCBI平台进行四聚四聚虫。在基因组的比较研究中，所有五个属都揭示了相当的cp基因组结构，基因数量和组成。所有五个物种都缺乏rps15基因和rpl2内含子。在与S.sesuvioides的大多数比较中，过渡替换(Ts)比颠换替换(Tv)更频繁，产生大于1的Ts/Tv比，Ka/Ks比值低于1。我们确定了十个高度多态性区域,包括rpl22，rpl32-trnL-UAG，trnD-GUC-trnY-GUA,trnE-UUC-trnT-GGU,trnK-UUU-rps16,trnM-CAU-atpE,trnH-GUG-psbA,psaJ-rpl33,rps4-trnT-UGU,和trnF-GAA-ndhJ.
结论：未来将对更多的Sesuvioides和Aizoae物种进行测序后，将对整个S.sesuvioides叶绿体进行深入研究。菊科的叶绿体基因组保存完好,几乎没有改动，表明家庭的单系起源。本研究的高度多态性区域可用于建立现实和低成本的分子标记，以解决分类学差异，新物种鉴定，并发现菊科物种之间的进化联系。为了正确理解菊科的进化，进一步的物种需要测序。
结果：Sesuvioides的155,849bp长度的cp基因组序列具有36.8%的GC含量。亮氨酸密码子的密码子使用率最高（10.6%），19种的81个简单序列重复，和79个寡核苷酸重复。我们调查了来自23科和25个不同属的27种石竹目的系统发育。最大似然树表明Sesuvium为单系属，还有Tetragonia的妹妹.S.sesuvioides的比较，与SesuviumMassulacastrum，结晶中胚层，中胚花，并使用NCBI平台进行四聚四聚虫。在基因组的比较研究中，所有五个属都揭示了相当的cp基因组结构，基因数量和组成。所有五个物种都缺乏rps15基因和rpl2内含子。在与S.sesuvioides的大多数比较中，过渡替换(Ts)比颠换替换(Tv)更频繁，产生大于1的Ts/Tv比，Ka/Ks比值低于1。我们确定了十个高度多态性区域,包括rpl22，rpl32-trnL-UAG，trnD-GUC-trnY-GUA,trnE-UUC-trnT-GGU,trnK-UUU-rps16,trnM-CAU-atpE,trnH-GUG-psbA,psaJ-rpl33,rps4-trnT-UGU,和trnF-GAA-ndhJ.
结论：未来将对更多的Sesuvioides和Aizoae物种进行测序后，将对整个S.sesuvioides叶绿体进行深入研究。菊科的叶绿体基因组保存完好,几乎没有改动，表明家庭的单系起源。本研究的高度多态性区域可用于建立现实和低成本的分子标记，以解决分类学差异，新物种鉴定，并发现菊科物种之间的进化联系。为了正确理解菊科的进化，进一步的物种需要测序。
