Abstract：
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and degrading autoimmune disorder mainly targeting the central nervous system, leading to progressive neurodegeneration, demyelination, and axonal damage. Current treatment options for MS are limited in efficacy, generally linked to adverse side effects, and do not offer a cure. Stem cell therapies have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy for MS, potentially promoting remyelination, exerting immunomodulatory effects and protecting against neurodegeneration. Therefore, this review article focussed on the potential of nano-engineering in stem cells as a therapeutic approach for MS, focusing on the synergistic effects of combining stem cell biology with nanotechnology to stimulate the proliferation of oligodendrocytes (OLs) from neural stem cells and OL precursor cells, by manipulating neural signalling pathways-PDGF, BMP, Wnt, Notch and their essential genes such as Sox, bHLH, Nkx. Here we discuss the pathophysiology of MS, the use of various types of stem cells in MS treatment and their mechanisms of action. In the context of nanotechnology, we present an overview of its applications in the medical and research field and discuss different methods and materials used to nano-engineer stem cells, including surface modification, biomaterials and scaffolds, and nanoparticle-based delivery systems. We further elaborate on nano-engineered stem cell techniques, such as nano script, nano-exosome hybrid, nano-topography and their potentials in MS. The article also highlights enhanced homing, engraftment, and survival of nano-engineered stem cells, targeted and controlled release of therapeutic agents, and immunomodulatory and tissue repair effects with their challenges and limitations. This visual illustration depicts the process of utilizing nano-engineering in stem cells and exosomes for the purpose of delivering more accurate and improved treatments for Multiple Sclerosis (MS). This approach targets specifically the creation of oligodendrocytes, the breakdown of which is the primary pathological factor in MS.
摘要：
多发性硬化（MS）是一种慢性和退化的自身免疫性疾病，主要针对中枢神经系统，导致进行性神经变性，脱髓鞘,和轴突损伤。目前MS的治疗方案疗效有限，通常与不良副作用有关，不提供治疗。干细胞疗法已成为MS的一种有前途的治疗策略，可能促进髓鞘再生，发挥免疫调节作用，防止神经变性。因此,这篇综述文章集中在干细胞纳米工程作为MS的治疗方法的潜力，专注于将干细胞生物学与纳米技术相结合以刺激神经干细胞和OL前体细胞的少突胶质细胞（OL）增殖的协同作用，通过操纵神经信号通路-PDGF，BMP,Wnt,Notch和它们的重要基因如Sox,bHLH,Nkx.在这里，我们讨论MS的病理生理学，在MS治疗中使用各种类型的干细胞及其作用机制。在纳米技术的背景下，我们概述了其在医学和研究领域的应用，并讨论了用于纳米工程干细胞的不同方法和材料，包括表面改性，生物材料和支架，和基于纳米颗粒的递送系统。我们进一步阐述了纳米工程干细胞技术，例如nanoscript，纳米外泌体杂种，纳米形貌及其在MS中的潜力这篇文章还强调了增强的归巢，雕刻,和纳米工程干细胞的存活，治疗剂的靶向和控释，免疫调节和组织修复作用及其挑战和局限性。该视觉图示描绘了在干细胞和外泌体中利用纳米工程以提供更准确和改进的多发性硬化(MS)治疗的过程。这种方法专门针对少突胶质细胞的产生，其分解是MS的主要病理因素。
