Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Frustration is an emotion often clinically reported by persons who stutter. So far, mainly questionnaire-based studies have reported findings related to increased frustration or decreased frustration tolerance. The aim of this preliminary study was to determine possible group differences between children who stutter (CWS) and children who do not stutter (CWNS) using a behavioral experimental task, as well as to evaluate possible associations with the frequency, duration, and physical concomitants of stuttering disfluencies.
METHODS: Participants were 13 CWS (mean age = 6;05 years) and 13 CWNS (mean age = 6;06 years), matched on age (±4 months) and gender. Frustration tolerance was assessed by the Delay Frustration task. This task includes normal delay, short delay, and long delay trials. Responses during long delay trials provide an indication of frustration tolerance and were recorded across time intervals during the response window.
RESULTS: CWS, compared to CWNS, responded more frequently during the long delay trials, which is indicative of higher delay frustration. The variation in responding across time within intervals was similar for both groups. Decreased frustration tolerance was associated with increased duration of stuttered disfluencies and of physical concomitants.
CONCLUSIONS: In general, the current findings seem to provide support for earlier theoretical conceptualizations about the role of emotional reactivity in the development of stuttering.
METHODS: Participants were 13 CWS (mean age = 6;05 years) and 13 CWNS (mean age = 6;06 years), matched on age (±4 months) and gender. Frustration tolerance was assessed by the Delay Frustration task. This task includes normal delay, short delay, and long delay trials. Responses during long delay trials provide an indication of frustration tolerance and were recorded across time intervals during the response window.
RESULTS: CWS, compared to CWNS, responded more frequently during the long delay trials, which is indicative of higher delay frustration. The variation in responding across time within intervals was similar for both groups. Decreased frustration tolerance was associated with increased duration of stuttered disfluencies and of physical concomitants.
CONCLUSIONS: In general, the current findings seem to provide support for earlier theoretical conceptualizations about the role of emotional reactivity in the development of stuttering.
摘要：
目的：挫折是临床上经常报告口吃者的情绪。到目前为止,主要基于问卷的研究报告了与挫折感增加或挫折感承受能力降低相关的发现。这项初步研究的目的是使用行为实验任务确定口吃儿童（CWS）和不口吃儿童（CWNS）之间可能的群体差异。以及评估与频率的可能关联，持续时间,和口吃不流畅的身体伴随。
方法：参与者为13CWS（平均年龄=6;05岁）和13CWNS（平均年龄=6;06岁），年龄（±4个月）和性别匹配。挫折耐受性通过延迟挫折任务进行评估。该任务包括正常延迟,短暂的延迟，和长时间的延迟试验。在长延迟试验期间的响应提供了挫折耐受性的指示,并且在响应窗口期间跨时间间隔被记录。
结果：CWS，与CWNS相比，在长时间的延误试验中反应更频繁，这表明更高的延迟挫折。两组在时间间隔内的响应变化相似。挫折耐受性降低与口吃的口吃和身体伴随的持续时间增加有关。
结论：一般来说，目前的发现似乎为早期关于情绪反应在口吃发展中的作用的理论概念化提供了支持。
方法：参与者为13CWS（平均年龄=6;05岁）和13CWNS（平均年龄=6;06岁），年龄（±4个月）和性别匹配。挫折耐受性通过延迟挫折任务进行评估。该任务包括正常延迟,短暂的延迟，和长时间的延迟试验。在长延迟试验期间的响应提供了挫折耐受性的指示,并且在响应窗口期间跨时间间隔被记录。
结果：CWS，与CWNS相比，在长时间的延误试验中反应更频繁，这表明更高的延迟挫折。两组在时间间隔内的响应变化相似。挫折耐受性降低与口吃的口吃和身体伴随的持续时间增加有关。
结论：一般来说，目前的发现似乎为早期关于情绪反应在口吃发展中的作用的理论概念化提供了支持。
