Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: Visual snow (VS) involves visualization of innumerable dots throughout the visual field, sometimes resembling \"TV static.\" Patients who experience this symptom may also have additional visual symptoms (e.g., photophobia, palinopsia, floaters, and nyctalopia) with a pattern now defined as visual snow syndrome (VSS). This manuscript describes both VS and VSS in detail and provides an updated review on the clinical features, pathophysiology, and optimal management strategies for these symptoms.
RESULTS: VS/VSS may be primary or secondary to a variety of etiologies, including ophthalmologic or brain disorders, systemic disease, and medication/hallucinogen exposure. Evaluation involves ruling out secondary causes and mimics of VS. Increasing evidence suggests that VSS is a widespread process extending beyond the visual system. Pathophysiology may involve cortical hyperexcitability or dysfunctional connectivity of thalamocortical or attention/salience networks. VSS is typically a benign, non-progressive syndrome and can be managed with non-medicine strategies. Though no medication provides complete relief, some may provide partial improvement in severity of VS.
RESULTS: VS/VSS may be primary or secondary to a variety of etiologies, including ophthalmologic or brain disorders, systemic disease, and medication/hallucinogen exposure. Evaluation involves ruling out secondary causes and mimics of VS. Increasing evidence suggests that VSS is a widespread process extending beyond the visual system. Pathophysiology may involve cortical hyperexcitability or dysfunctional connectivity of thalamocortical or attention/salience networks. VSS is typically a benign, non-progressive syndrome and can be managed with non-medicine strategies. Though no medication provides complete relief, some may provide partial improvement in severity of VS.
摘要：
目标：视觉雪（VS）涉及整个视野中无数点的可视化，有时类似于“电视静态”。出现这种症状的患者也可能有额外的视觉症状(例如，畏光,Palinopsia,漂浮物,和夜视），现在定义为视觉雪花综合征（VSS）。本手稿详细描述了VS和VSS，并提供了对临床特征的最新审查，病理生理学,以及这些症状的最佳管理策略。
结果：VS/VSS可能是各种病因的原发性或继发性，包括眼科或脑部疾病，全身性疾病,和药物/致幻剂暴露。评估涉及排除VS的次要原因和模仿。越来越多的证据表明，VSS是一个超越视觉系统的广泛过程。病理生理学可能涉及皮质兴奋过度或丘脑皮质或注意力/显着性网络的功能异常连接。VSS通常是良性的，非进展综合征，可以用非医学策略管理。虽然没有药物可以完全缓解，一些可以提供部分改善VS的严重程度。
结果：VS/VSS可能是各种病因的原发性或继发性，包括眼科或脑部疾病，全身性疾病,和药物/致幻剂暴露。评估涉及排除VS的次要原因和模仿。越来越多的证据表明，VSS是一个超越视觉系统的广泛过程。病理生理学可能涉及皮质兴奋过度或丘脑皮质或注意力/显着性网络的功能异常连接。VSS通常是良性的，非进展综合征，可以用非医学策略管理。虽然没有药物可以完全缓解，一些可以提供部分改善VS的严重程度。
