PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
With the increase in the world population, the overexploitation of the planet\'s natural resources is becoming a worldwide concern. Changes in the way humankind thinks about production and consumption must be undertaken to protect our planet and our way of living. For this change to occur, sustainable development together with a circular economic approach and responsible consumption are key points. Agriculture activities are responsible for more than 10% of the greenhouse gas emissions; moreover, by 2050, it is expected that food production will increase by 60%. The valorization of food waste is therefore of high importance to decrease the environmental footprint of agricultural activities. Fruits and vegetables are wildly consumed worldwide, and grapes are one of the main producers of greenhouse gases. Grape biomass is rich in bioactive compounds that can be used for the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, and their extraction from this food residue has been the target of several studies. Among the extraction techniques used for the recovery of bioactive compounds from food waste, subcritical water extraction (SWE) has been the least explored. SWE has several advantages over other extraction techniques such as microwave and ultrasound extraction, allowing high yields with the use of only water as the solvent. Therefore, it can be considered a green extraction method following two of the principles of green chemistry: the use of less hazardous synthesis (principle number 3) and the use of safer solvents and auxiliaries (principle number 5). In addition, two of the green extraction principles for natural products are also followed: the use of alternative solvents or water (principle number 2) and the use of a reduced, robust, controlled and safe unit operation (principle number 5). This review is an overview of the extraction process using the SWE of grape biomass in a perspective of the circular economy through valorization of the bioactive compounds extracted. Future perspectives applied to the SWE are also discussed, as well as its ability to be a green extraction technique.
摘要：
随着世界人口的增加,地球自然资源的过度开发正在成为全世界关注的问题。必须改变人类对生产和消费的看法，以保护我们的星球和我们的生活方式。为了发生这种变化，可持续发展以及循环经济方法和负责任的消费是关键点。农业活动造成了10%以上的温室气体排放；此外，到2050年，预计粮食产量将增加60%。因此，食物垃圾的增值对于减少农业活动的环境足迹至关重要。水果和蔬菜在世界范围内被大量消费，葡萄是温室气体的主要生产者之一。葡萄生物质富含可用于食品的生物活性化合物，制药和化妆品行业，从这种食物残渣中提取它们一直是几项研究的目标。在用于从食物垃圾中回收生物活性化合物的提取技术中，亚临界水提取(SWE)的探索最少。SWE与其他提取技术如微波和超声提取相比有几个优点，允许高产率与仅使用水作为溶剂。因此,它可以被认为是一种绿色提取方法，遵循绿色化学的两个原则:使用危害较小的合成(原则3)和使用更安全的溶剂和助剂(原则5)。此外,还遵循了两个天然产物的绿色提取原则:使用替代溶剂或水(原则2)和减少使用,健壮,控制和安全单元操作（原则5）。本文概述了通过对提取的生物活性化合物进行增值，从循环经济的角度出发，使用葡萄生物质的SWE提取过程。还讨论了应用于SWE的未来观点，以及它成为绿色提取技术的能力。
