Abstract：
A complex cascade of events leads to the initiation and maintenance of a behavioral act in response to both internally and externally derived stimuli. These events are part of a transition of the animal into a new behavioral state, coordinated by chemicals that bias tissues and organs towards a new functional state of the animal. This form of integration is defined by the neuroendocrine (or neurosecretory) system and the endocrine system that release neurohormones or hormones, respectively. Here we describe the classical neuroendocrine and endocrine systems in insects to provide an historic perspective and overview of how neurohormones and hormones support plasticity in behavioral expression. Additionally, we describe peripheral tissues such as the midgut, epitracheal glands, and ovaries, which, whilst not necessarily being endocrine glands in the pure sense of the term, do produce and release hormones, thereby providing even more flexibility for inter-organ communication and regulation.
摘要：
复杂的事件级联导致行为行为的启动和维持，以响应内部和外部衍生的刺激。这些事件是动物向新行为状态转变的一部分，由化学物质协调，使组织和器官偏向动物的新功能状态。这种形式的整合由神经内分泌（或神经分泌）系统和释放神经激素或激素的内分泌系统定义，分别。在这里，我们描述了昆虫的经典神经内分泌和内分泌系统，以提供历史观点和概述神经激素和激素如何支持行为表达的可塑性。此外,我们描述外周组织，如中肠，气管上腺，和卵巢,which,虽然不一定是纯粹意义上的内分泌腺，产生和释放荷尔蒙，从而为机构间的沟通和监管提供更大的灵活性。
