Abstract：
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for maintaining self-immune tolerance. Reduced numbers or functions of Treg cells have been involved in the pathogenesis of various autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection. Therefore, the approaches that increase the pool or suppressive function of Treg cells in vivo could be a general strategy to treat different autoimmune diseases and allograft rejection. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is essential for the development, survival, maintenance, and function of Treg cells, constitutively expressing the high-affinity receptor of IL-2 and sensitive response to IL-2 in vivo. And low-dose IL-2 therapy in vivo could restore the imbalance between autoimmune response and self-tolerance toward self-tolerance via promoting Treg cell expansion and inhibiting follicular helper T (Tfh) and IL-17-producing helper T (Th17) cell differentiation. Currently, low-dose IL-2 treatment is receiving extensive attention in autoimmune disease and transplantation treatment. In this review, we summarize the biology of IL-2/IL-2 receptor, the mechanisms of low-dose IL-2 therapy in autoimmune diseases, the application in the progress of different autoimmune diseases, including Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Type 1 Diabetes (T1D), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Autoimmune Hepatitis (AIH), Alopecia Areata (AA), Immune Thrombocytopenia (ITP) and Chronic graft-versus-host-disease (GVHD). We also discuss the future directions to optimize low-dose IL-2 treatments.
Low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a potential treatment for autoimmune diseases. IL-2 is a protein that helps regulate the immune system, and low doses of it can activate regulatory T cells (Tregs), which help control the immune response. This can be beneficial in autoimmune diseases where the immune system attacks healthy tissues. We discuss several clinical trials that have investigated the effectiveness of low-dose IL-2 in treating autoimmune diseases. These trials have shown promising results, with some patients experiencing improvements in symptoms and disease progression. However, more research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of low-dose IL-2 as a treatment for autoimmune diseases. IL-2 can also activate other immune cells, which may cause unwanted side effects. Therefore, careful monitoring and dosing are necessary when using this treatment. We should also take note of some of the challenges associated with using low-dose IL-2 as a treatment for autoimmune diseases. For example, it can be difficult to determine the optimal dose and dosing schedule for each patient. In addition, there may be individual differences in how patients respond to low-dose IL-2 treatment. Overall, we believe that low-dose IL-2 shows promise as a treatment for autoimmune diseases, but more research is needed to fully understand its potential benefits and risks.
Low-dose interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a potential treatment for autoimmune diseases. IL-2 is a protein that helps regulate the immune system, and low doses of it can activate regulatory T cells (Tregs), which help control the immune response. This can be beneficial in autoimmune diseases where the immune system attacks healthy tissues. We discuss several clinical trials that have investigated the effectiveness of low-dose IL-2 in treating autoimmune diseases. These trials have shown promising results, with some patients experiencing improvements in symptoms and disease progression. However, more research is needed to determine the safety and effectiveness of low-dose IL-2 as a treatment for autoimmune diseases. IL-2 can also activate other immune cells, which may cause unwanted side effects. Therefore, careful monitoring and dosing are necessary when using this treatment. We should also take note of some of the challenges associated with using low-dose IL-2 as a treatment for autoimmune diseases. For example, it can be difficult to determine the optimal dose and dosing schedule for each patient. In addition, there may be individual differences in how patients respond to low-dose IL-2 treatment. Overall, we believe that low-dose IL-2 shows promise as a treatment for autoimmune diseases, but more research is needed to fully understand its potential benefits and risks.
摘要：
调节性T(Treg)细胞对于维持自身免疫耐受是必不可少的。Treg细胞数量或功能的减少已参与各种自身免疫性疾病和同种异体移植排斥的发病机理。因此,增加体内Treg细胞库或抑制功能的方法可能是治疗不同自身免疫性疾病和同种异体移植排斥的一般策略。白细胞介素-2（IL-2）是必不可少的发展，生存,维护,和Treg细胞的功能，组成型表达IL-2的高亲和力受体和体内对IL-2的敏感反应。体内低剂量IL-2治疗可以通过促进Treg细胞扩增，抑制滤泡辅助性T（Tfh）和产生IL-17的辅助性T（Th17）细胞分化，恢复自身免疫反应与自身耐受之间的失衡。目前,低剂量IL-2治疗在自身免疫性疾病和移植治疗中受到广泛关注。在这次审查中,我们总结了IL-2/IL-2受体的生物学，低剂量IL-2治疗自身免疫性疾病的机制，在不同自身免疫性疾病进展中的应用，包括系统性红斑狼疮（SLE），1型糖尿病(T1D),类风湿性关节炎(RA),自身免疫性肝炎(AIH),斑秃(AA),免疫性血小板减少症（ITP）和慢性移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）。我们还讨论了优化低剂量IL-2治疗的未来方向。
低剂量白细胞介素-2（IL-2）是自身免疫性疾病的潜在治疗方法。IL-2是一种有助于调节免疫系统的蛋白质，低剂量的它可以激活调节性T细胞(Tregs)，这有助于控制免疫反应。这在免疫系统攻击健康组织的自身免疫性疾病中可能是有益的。我们讨论了几项临床试验，这些临床试验研究了低剂量IL-2治疗自身免疫性疾病的有效性。这些试验显示了有希望的结果，一些患者的症状和疾病进展有所改善。然而,需要更多的研究来确定低剂量IL-2治疗自身免疫性疾病的安全性和有效性.IL-2还可以激活其他免疫细胞，这可能会导致不必要的副作用。因此,使用这种治疗时，仔细监测和给药是必要的。我们还应该注意与使用低剂量IL-2治疗自身免疫性疾病相关的一些挑战。例如,可能难以确定每位患者的最佳剂量和给药方案.此外,患者对低剂量IL-2治疗的反应可能存在个体差异.总的来说,我们认为低剂量IL-2有望作为自身免疫性疾病的治疗方法，但是需要更多的研究来充分了解其潜在的益处和风险。
低剂量白细胞介素-2（IL-2）是自身免疫性疾病的潜在治疗方法。IL-2是一种有助于调节免疫系统的蛋白质，低剂量的它可以激活调节性T细胞(Tregs)，这有助于控制免疫反应。这在免疫系统攻击健康组织的自身免疫性疾病中可能是有益的。我们讨论了几项临床试验，这些临床试验研究了低剂量IL-2治疗自身免疫性疾病的有效性。这些试验显示了有希望的结果，一些患者的症状和疾病进展有所改善。然而,需要更多的研究来确定低剂量IL-2治疗自身免疫性疾病的安全性和有效性.IL-2还可以激活其他免疫细胞，这可能会导致不必要的副作用。因此,使用这种治疗时，仔细监测和给药是必要的。我们还应该注意与使用低剂量IL-2治疗自身免疫性疾病相关的一些挑战。例如,可能难以确定每位患者的最佳剂量和给药方案.此外,患者对低剂量IL-2治疗的反应可能存在个体差异.总的来说,我们认为低剂量IL-2有望作为自身免疫性疾病的治疗方法，但是需要更多的研究来充分了解其潜在的益处和风险。
