Abstract：
The purpose of this review is to better understand the full life cycle and influence of ammonia from an aquatic biology perspective. While ammonia has toxic properties in water and air, it also plays a central role in the biogeochemical nitrogen (N) cycle and regulates mechanisms of normal and abnormal fish physiology. Additionally, as the second most synthesized chemical on Earth, ammonia contributes economic value to many sectors, particularly fertilizers, energy storage, explosives, refrigerants, and plastics. But, with so many uses, industrial N2-fixation effectively doubles natural reactive N concentrations in the environment. The consequence is global, with excess fixed nitrogen driving degradation of soils, water, and air; intensifying eutrophication, biodiversity loss, and climate change; and creating health risks for humans, wildlife, and fisheries. Thus, the need for ammonia research in aquatic systems is growing. In response, we prepared this review to better understand the complexities and connectedness of environmental ammonia. Even the term \"ammonia\" has multiple meanings. So, we have clarified the nomenclature, identified units of measurement, and summarized methods to measure ammonia in water. We then discuss ammonia in the context of the N-cycle, review its role in fish physiology and mechanisms of toxicity, and integrate the effects of human N-fixation, which continuously expands ammonia\'s sources and uses. Ammonia is being developed as a carbon-free energy carrier with potential to increase reactive nitrogen in the environment. With this in mind, we review the global impacts of excess reactive nitrogen and consider the current monitoring and regulatory frameworks for ammonia. The presented synthesis illustrates the complex and interactive dynamics of ammonia as a plant nutrient, energy molecule, feedstock, waste product, contaminant, N-cycle participant, regulator of animal physiology, toxicant, and agent of environmental change. Few molecules are as influential as ammonia in the management and resilience of Earth\'s resources.
摘要：
这篇综述的目的是从水生生物学的角度更好地了解氨的整个生命周期和影响。虽然氨在水和空气中具有毒性，它在生物地球化学氮（N）循环中也起着核心作用，并调节正常和异常鱼类生理机制。此外,作为地球上第二合成最多的化学物质，氨对许多部门都有经济价值，特别是肥料，储能，炸药,制冷剂,和塑料。但是,有这么多的用途，工业N2固定可有效地使环境中的天然活性N浓度加倍。后果是全球性的，过量的固定氮驱动土壤降解，水,和空气；加剧富营养化，生物多样性丧失,和气候变化；给人类带来健康风险，野生动物,和渔业。因此，在水生系统中对氨研究的需求正在增长。作为回应,我们编写这篇综述是为了更好地了解环境氨的复杂性和连通性。甚至术语“氨”也有多种含义。所以,我们已经澄清了术语，确定的计量单位，并总结了水中氨的测定方法。然后，我们在N循环的背景下讨论氨，综述了其在鱼类生理和毒性机制中的作用，整合人体N固定的影响，不断扩大氨的来源和用途。氨正在被开发为一种无碳能源载体，有可能增加环境中的活性氮。考虑到这一点，我们回顾了过量活性氮的全球影响，并考虑了目前对氨的监测和监管框架。所呈现的合成说明了氨作为植物营养素的复杂和相互作用的动力学，能量分子，原料，废品,污染物,N周期参与者，动物生理学调节器，毒物,和环境变化的代理人。在地球资源的管理和恢复力方面，很少有分子像氨一样有影响力。
