PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
The first trimester of pregnancy ranks high in priority when minimizing harmful exposures, given the wide-ranging types of organogenesis occurring between 4- and 12-weeks\' gestation. One way to quantify potential harm to the fetus in the first trimester is to measure a corollary effect on the placenta. Placental biomarkers are widely present in maternal circulation, cord blood, and placental tissue biopsied at birth or at the time of pregnancy termination. Here we evaluate ten diverse pathways involving molecules expressed in the first trimester human placenta based on their relevance to normal fetal development and to the hypothesis of placental-fetal endocrine disruption (perturbation in development that results in abnormal endocrine function in the offspring), namely: human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), thyroid hormone regulation, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor protein gamma (PPARγ), leptin, transforming growth factor beta, epiregulin, growth differentiation factor 15, small nucleolar RNAs, serotonin, and vitamin D. Some of these are well-established as biomarkers of placental-fetal endocrine disruption, while others are not well studied and were selected based on discovery analyses of the placental transcriptome. A literature search on these biomarkers summarizes evidence of placenta-specific production and regulation of each biomarker, and their role in fetal reproductive tract, brain, and other specific domains of fetal development. In this review, we extend the theory of fetal programming to placental-fetal programming.
摘要：
在最大限度地减少有害暴露时，怀孕的头三个月处于优先地位，鉴于在妊娠4至12周之间发生的器官发生类型广泛。量化前三个月对胎儿的潜在伤害的一种方法是测量对胎盘的必然影响。胎盘生物标志物广泛存在于母体循环中，脐带血,在出生时或终止妊娠时对胎盘组织进行活检。在这里，我们根据与正常胎儿发育和胎盘-胎儿内分泌干扰（发育扰动导致后代内分泌功能异常）的假设的相关性，评估了涉及妊娠早期人类胎盘中表达的分子的十种不同途径。即：人绒毛膜促性腺激素（HCG），甲状腺激素调节，过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体蛋白γ（PPARγ），瘦素,转化生长因子β，表观调节蛋白,生长分化因子15，小核仁RNA，血清素,和维生素D。其中一些被公认为胎盘-胎儿内分泌紊乱的生物标志物，而其他人没有得到很好的研究，是根据胎盘转录组的发现分析选择的。对这些生物标志物的文献检索总结了胎盘特异性产生和调节每种生物标志物的证据。以及它们在胎儿生殖道中的作用，大脑,和胎儿发育的其他特定领域。在这次审查中,我们将胎儿编程理论扩展到胎盘-胎儿编程。
