Abstract：
This article traces the historical development of various biomarkers of acute and/or chronic alcohol consumption. Much of the research in this domain of clinical and laboratory medicine arose from clinics and laboratories in Sweden, as exemplified by carbohydrate deficient transferrin (CDT) and phosphatidylethanol (PEth). Extensive studies of other alcohol biomarkers, such as ethyl glucuronide (EtG), ethyl sulfate (EtS), and 5-hydroxytryptophol (5-HTOL), also derive from Sweden. The most obvious test of recent drinking is identification of ethanol in a sample of the person\'s blood, breath, or urine. However, because of continuous metabolism in the liver, ethanol is eliminated from the blood at a rate of 0.15 g/L/h (range 0.1-0.3 g/L/h), so obtaining positive results is not always possible. The widow of detection is increased by analysis of ethanol\'s non-oxidative metabolites (EtG and EtS), which are more slowly eliminated from the bloodstream. Likewise, an elevated ratio of serotonin metabolites in urine (5-HTOL/5-HIAA) can help to disclose recent drinking after ethanol is no longer measurable in body fluids. A highly specific biomarker of hazardous drinking is CDT, a serum glycoprotein (transferrin), with a deficiency in its N-linked glycosylation. Another widely acclaimed biomarker is PEth, an abnormal phospholipid synthesized in cell membranes when people drink excessively, having a long elimination half-life (median ~6 days) during abstinence. Research on the subject of alcohol biomarkers has increased appreciably and is now an important area of drug testing and analysis.
摘要：
本文追溯了急性和/或慢性饮酒的各种生物标志物的历史发展。临床和实验室医学领域的许多研究都来自瑞典的诊所和实验室，例如碳水化合物缺乏转铁蛋白(CDT)和磷脂酰乙醇(PEth)。对其他酒精生物标志物的广泛研究，如乙基葡糖苷酸(EtG)，硫酸乙酯(EtS),和5-羟色胺醇（5-HTOL），也来自瑞典。最近饮酒的最明显的测试是在人的血液样本中鉴定乙醇，呼吸,或尿液。然而,因为肝脏的新陈代谢不断，乙醇以0.15g/L/h（范围0.1-0.3g/L/h）的速率从血液中消除，所以获得积极的结果并不总是可能的。通过分析乙醇的非氧化代谢物（EtG和EtS），增加了检测的寡妇，从血液中清除得更慢。同样，尿液中5-羟色胺代谢物的比例升高（5-HTOL/5-HIAA）可以帮助揭示最近饮酒后乙醇不再在体液中可测量。危险饮酒的高度特异性生物标志物是CDT，血清糖蛋白（转铁蛋白），其N-连接的糖基化缺陷。另一个广受好评的生物标志物是PEth，当人们过度饮酒时，细胞膜中合成的异常磷脂，在禁欲期间具有长的消除半衰期(中位数~6天)。对酒精生物标志物的研究已大大增加，现在已成为药物测试和分析的重要领域。
