Abstract：
Diseases leading to retinal cell loss can cause severe visual impairment and blindness. The lack of effective therapies to address retinal cell loss and the absence of intrinsic regeneration in the human retina leads to an irreversible pathological condition. Progress in recent years in the generation of human three-dimensional retinal organoids from pluripotent stem cells makes it possible to recreate the cytoarchitecture and associated cell-cell interactions of the human retina in remarkable detail. These human three-dimensional retinal organoid systems made of distinct retinal cell types and possessing contextual physiological responses allow the study of human retina development and retinal disease pathology in a way animal model and two-dimensional cell cultures were unable to achieve. We describe the derivation of retinal organoids from human pluripotent stem cells and their application for modeling retinal disease pathologies, while outlining the opportunities and challenges for its application in academia and industry.
摘要：
导致视网膜细胞丢失的疾病可导致严重的视力障碍和失明。缺乏解决视网膜细胞损失的有效疗法和人视网膜中内在再生的缺乏导致不可逆的病理状况。近年来在从多能干细胞产生人类三维(3D)视网膜类器官(RO)方面的进展使得可以非常详细地重建人类视网膜的细胞结构和相关的细胞-细胞相互作用。这些由不同的视网膜细胞类型制成并具有背景生理反应的人类3DRO系统允许以动物模型和二维细胞培养无法实现的方式研究人类视网膜发育和视网膜疾病(RD)病理。在这篇综述中，我们描述了从人类多能干细胞衍生RO及其在RD病理学建模中的应用，同时概述了其在学术界和工业界应用的机遇和挑战。
