Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of palm oil mill effluent (POME) final discharge on the active bacterial composition, gene expression, and metabolite profiles in the receiving rivers to establish a foundation for identifying potential biomarkers for monitoring POME pollution in rivers.
RESULTS: The POME final discharge, upstream (unpolluted by POME), and downstream (effluent receiving point) parts of the rivers from two sites were physicochemically characterized. The taxonomic and gene profiles were then evaluated using de novo metatranscriptomics, while the metabolites were detected using qualitative metabolomics. A similar bacterial community structure in the POME final discharge samples from both sites was recorded, but their composition varied. Redundancy analysis showed that several families, particularly Comamonadaceae and Burkholderiaceae [Pr(>F) = 0.028], were positively correlated with biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The results also showed significant enrichment of genes regulating various metabolisms in the POME-receiving rivers, with methane, carbon fixation pathway, and amino acids among the predominant metabolisms identified (FDR < 0.05, PostFC > 4, and PPDE > 0.95). This was further validated through qualitative metabolomics, whereby amino acids were detected as the predominant metabolites.
CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that genes regulating amino acid metabolism have significant potential for developing effective biomonitoring and bioremediation strategies in river water influenced by POME final discharge, fostering a sustainable palm oil industry.
RESULTS: The POME final discharge, upstream (unpolluted by POME), and downstream (effluent receiving point) parts of the rivers from two sites were physicochemically characterized. The taxonomic and gene profiles were then evaluated using de novo metatranscriptomics, while the metabolites were detected using qualitative metabolomics. A similar bacterial community structure in the POME final discharge samples from both sites was recorded, but their composition varied. Redundancy analysis showed that several families, particularly Comamonadaceae and Burkholderiaceae [Pr(>F) = 0.028], were positively correlated with biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The results also showed significant enrichment of genes regulating various metabolisms in the POME-receiving rivers, with methane, carbon fixation pathway, and amino acids among the predominant metabolisms identified (FDR < 0.05, PostFC > 4, and PPDE > 0.95). This was further validated through qualitative metabolomics, whereby amino acids were detected as the predominant metabolites.
CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that genes regulating amino acid metabolism have significant potential for developing effective biomonitoring and bioremediation strategies in river water influenced by POME final discharge, fostering a sustainable palm oil industry.
摘要：
目的：本研究旨在研究棕榈油厂废水（POME）最终排放对活性细菌组成的影响，基因表达，和接收河流中的代谢物概况，为识别用于监测河流POME污染的潜在生物标志物奠定基础。
结果：POME最终放电，上游（未被POME污染），对来自两个地点的河流的下游（污水接收点）部分进行了物理化学表征。然后使用从头更替组学评估分类学和基因谱，而代谢物是使用定性代谢组学检测的。记录了来自两个地点的POME最终放电样品中相似的细菌群落结构，但是它们的组成各不相同。冗余分析表明，几个家庭，特别是Comamonadaceae和Burkholderiaceae[Pr（>F）=0.028]，生化需氧量(BOD5)和化学需氧量(COD)呈正相关。结果还表明，在接收POME的河流中，调节各种代谢的基因显着富集，甲烷，碳固定途径，和确定的主要代谢中的氨基酸（FDR<0.05，PostFC>4和PPDE>0.95）。这通过定性代谢组学进一步验证，其中氨基酸被检测为主要代谢物。
结论：结果表明，调节氨基酸代谢的基因在受POME最终排放影响的河水中具有开发有效的生物监测和生物修复策略的巨大潜力，培育可持续的棕榈油产业。
结果：POME最终放电，上游（未被POME污染），对来自两个地点的河流的下游（污水接收点）部分进行了物理化学表征。然后使用从头更替组学评估分类学和基因谱，而代谢物是使用定性代谢组学检测的。记录了来自两个地点的POME最终放电样品中相似的细菌群落结构，但是它们的组成各不相同。冗余分析表明，几个家庭，特别是Comamonadaceae和Burkholderiaceae[Pr（>F）=0.028]，生化需氧量(BOD5)和化学需氧量(COD)呈正相关。结果还表明，在接收POME的河流中，调节各种代谢的基因显着富集，甲烷，碳固定途径，和确定的主要代谢中的氨基酸（FDR<0.05，PostFC>4和PPDE>0.95）。这通过定性代谢组学进一步验证，其中氨基酸被检测为主要代谢物。
结论：结果表明，调节氨基酸代谢的基因在受POME最终排放影响的河水中具有开发有效的生物监测和生物修复策略的巨大潜力，培育可持续的棕榈油产业。
