Abstract：
Selection varies between categories of individuals, with far-reaching ramifications: Sex-specific selection can impede or accelerate adaptation, and differences in selection between young and old individuals are ultimately responsible for senescence. Here, we measure early- and late-life fitness in adults of both sexes from the Drosophila genetic reference panel and perform quantitative genetic and transcriptomic analyses. Fitness was heritable, showed positive pleiotropy across sexes and age classes, and appeared to be influenced by very large numbers of loci with small effects plus a smaller number with moderate effects. Most loci affected male and female fitness in the same direction; relatively few candidate sexually antagonistic loci were found, though these were enriched on the X chromosome as predicted by theory. The expression level of many genes showed an opposite correlation with fitness in males and females, consistent with unresolved sexual conflict over transcription. The load of deleterious mutations correlated negatively with fitness across genotypes, and we found some evidence for the mutation accumulation (but not the antagonistic pleiotropy) theory of aging.
摘要：
个人类别之间的选择有所不同，具有深远的影响:性别特异性选择可以阻碍或加速适应，年轻人和老年人之间的选择差异最终是衰老的原因。这里,我们从果蝇遗传参考小组（DGRP）中测量男女成人的早期和晚期适应性，并进行定量遗传和转录组学分析。健身是可遗传的，在性别和年龄组中表现出积极的多功能性，并且似乎受到大量影响小的基因座的影响，以及少量影响中等的基因座的影响。大多数基因座在同一方向上影响男性和女性的健康；发现相对较少的候选性拮抗基因座，尽管如理论所预测的，它们在X染色体上富集。许多基因的表达水平与男性和女性的适应度呈相反的相关性，与转录上未解决的性冲突一致。有害突变的负荷与基因型之间的适应性呈负相关，我们发现了一些关于衰老的突变积累（但不是拮抗多效性）理论的证据。
