Abstract：
In the present paper, we carry out a replication of a seminal paper by Kahneman, D. & Beatty, J. (1967). Perception & Psychophysics, 2(3),101-105 for using pupillometry as an implicit measure of auditory processing load, specifically, non-verbal auditory processing. While numerous papers since have supported the notion that pupillometry is a fairly reliable index of processing load in general (Zekveld, A. A., Koelewijn, T., and Kramer, S. E. (2018). Trends in Hearing, 22,1-25; Winn, M. B., Wendt, D., Koelewijn, T., and Kuchinsky, S. E. (2018). Trends in Hearing, 22,1-32), they typically have relied on memory recall, and/or more sophisticated cognitive tasks such as language comprehension or split attention. Kahneman and Beatty\'s paper, despite that it was published more than 50 years ago, continues to be the primary citation to support the claim that pupillometry is a reliable index of task difficulty for a simple non-verbal pitch discrimination task therefore giving us an implicit measure for listening effort (e.g.,Kramer, S. E., Lorens, A., Coninx, F., Zekveld, A. A., Piotrowska, A., & Skarzynski, H. (2013). Language and Cognitive Processes, 28(4),426-442; Schlemmer, K. B., Kulke, F., Kuchinke, L., & Van Der Meer, E. (2005). Psychophysiology, 42(4),465-472; Lisi, M., Bonato, M., and Zorzi, M. (2015). Biological Psychology, 112,39-45). This type of task takes very little explicit memory, is non-verbal, and relies heavily on more low-level, automatic perceptual processing. Using two different replication studies, one exact, and one modified, we only replicated the main result in the modified replication. The true replication failed to replicate on all nine statistical tests. Overall, our findings suggest that pupil dilation can be used as an implicit measure of task difficulty for a simple, non-semantic, auditory task, however, the robustness of the effect appears relatively weak in comparison with the original study, and the amount of variation across participants much greater.
摘要：
在本论文中，我们复制了卡尼曼的一篇开创性论文，D&Beatty,J.(1967)。感知与心理物理学，2(3)、101-105使用瞳孔测量法作为听觉处理负荷的隐式度量，具体来说,非语言听觉处理。尽管此后的许多论文都支持这样的观点，即瞳孔测量法通常是相当可靠的处理负荷指标（Zekveld，A.A.,Koelewijn,T.,还有克莱默,S、E.（2018年）。听力趋势,22,1-25；温，M、B、温特,D.,Koelewijn,T.,还有Kuchinsky,S、E.（2018年）。听力趋势,22,1-32），他们通常依赖于记忆回忆，和/或更复杂的认知任务，如语言理解或注意力分散。卡尼曼和比蒂的论文,尽管它是在50多年前出版的，继续是支持以下说法的主要引文：瞳孔测量是简单的非语言音高区分任务的任务难度的可靠指标，因此为我们提供了一种隐含的听力度量（例如，克莱默,S、E、洛伦斯,A.,康纳士,F.,泽克维尔德,A.A.,Piotrowska,A.,&Skarzynski,H.(2013)。语言和认知过程，28(4)、426-442；施莱默，K.B.,Kulke,F.,Kuchinke,L.,&VanDerMeer,E.(2005年)。心理生理学,42(4)、465-472;Lisi,M、Bonato,M、还有Zorzi,M.(2015)。生物心理学,112,39-45）。这种类型的任务需要很少的显式内存，是非语言的，严重依赖更低级别的人，自动感知处理。使用两个不同的复制研究，一个确切的，和一个修改，我们只在修改后的复制中复制了主要结果。在所有九项统计测试中，真正的复制都无法复制。总的来说,我们的研究结果表明，瞳孔扩张可以用作一个简单的任务难度的内隐测量，非语义，听觉任务,然而,与原始研究相比，效果的稳健性显得相对较弱，参与者之间的差异要大得多。
