Abstract：
The ubiquitous free-living amoebae (FLA) are microorganisms of significant medical, sanitary, and ecological importance. However, their characterization within solid matrices such as soil, dust, sediment, mud, sludge, and compost remain to be systematized. In this study, we conducted a systematic review with meta-analysis to explore the global distribution of FLA in solid matrices. From the analysis of 104 out of 4,414 scientific articles retrieved from different databases, it was found that the general global prevalence of FLA in solid matrices was of 55.13% (95% confidence interval (CI) 49.32-60.94). Specifically, FLA prevalence was high in soil (72.40%, 95% CI 69.08-75.73), sediment (57.91%, 95% CI 50.01-65.81), mud (52.90%, 95% CI 24.01-81.78), dust (48.60%, 95% CI 43.00-54.19), and sewage sludge (40.19%, 95% CI 30.68-49.70). In aerosols it was comparatively lower (17.21%, 95% CI 12.76-21.66). Acanthamoeba spp. (52.23%) and Hartmanella/Vermamoeba spp. (36.06%) were found to be more prevalent, whereas Naegleria spp. (34.98%) and Balamuthia spp. (27.32%) were less prevalent. The distribution of the highest global prevalence values for species of Acanthamoeba spp., considering different publication periods of the studies, is as follows: A. hatchetti (51.46%), A. rhysodes (47.49%), A. polyphaga (36.37%), A. culbertsoni (34.31%), A. castellanii (34.21%), and A. lenticulata (32.82%). For other FLA species, the distribution is: Hartmannella/Vermamoeba vermiformis (91.57%), Naegleria fowleri (42.32%), Naegleria gruberi (32.39%), and Balamuthia mandrillaris (25%). The most prevalent Acanthamoeba genotypes were T4 (33.38%) and T3 (23.94%). Overall, the global prevalence of FLA in solid matrices is as high as or greater than that reported in water by previous systematic reviews. Thus, actions aimed at reducing exposure to FLA or exploring their ecological dynamics should consider not only water but also the various solid matrices. The finding outlined here can provide valuable insights for such actions, e.g., informing on the level of exposure to FLA, or on the microbial biodiversity of specific environmental compartments.
摘要：
无处不在的自由生活变形虫（FLA）是重要的医学微生物，卫生,和生态重要性。然而,它们在固体基质如土壤中的表征，灰尘,沉积物,泥浆,污泥,堆肥还有待系统化。在这项研究中,我们用meta分析进行了系统评价,以探讨FLA在固体基质中的全球分布.根据从不同数据库检索到的4414篇科学文章中的104篇分析，研究发现,FLA在固体基质中的总体全球患病率为55.13%(95%置信区间(CI)49.32~60.94).具体来说,FLA在土壤中的患病率很高(72.40%，95%CI69.08-75.73），沉积物(57.91%，95%CI50.01-65.81)，泥浆(52.90%，95%CI24.01-81.78），粉尘(48.60%,95%CI43.00-54.19），和污水污泥(40.19%，95%CI30.68-49.70）。在气溶胶中，它相对较低(17.21%，95%CI12.76-21.66）。棘阿米巴。（52.23%）和Hartmanella/Vermamoebaspp。(36.06%)被发现更普遍，而Naegleriaspp.（34.98％）和Balamuthiaspp。（27.32%）不那么普遍。棘阿米巴物种的全球最高流行值的分布。,考虑到研究报告的不同发表时期，如下：A.哈切蒂(51.46%)，A.rhysodes（47.49%），A.polyphaga（36.37%），A.culbertsoni（34.31%），A.castellanii（34.21%），和豆状芽孢杆菌（32.82%）。对于其他FLA物种，分布为：Hartmannella/VermamoebaVermiformis（91.57％），福氏Naegleria（42.32%），Naegleriagruberi（32.39％），和Balamuthiamandrillaris（25％）。最流行的棘阿米巴基因型是T4（33.38％）和T3（23.94％）。总的来说,固体基质中FLA的全球患病率与以前的系统评价报告的在水中的患病率一样高或更高.因此，旨在减少FLA暴露或探索其生态动态的行动不仅应考虑水，还应考虑各种固体基质。这里概述的发现可以为此类行动提供有价值的见解，例如，告知FLA的暴露水平，或特定环境隔室的微生物生物多样性。
