Abstract：
Monitoring pathogenic enteric viruses in continental and marine water bodies is essential to control the viral contamination of human populations. Human Noroviruses (NoV) are the main enteric viruses present in surface waters and foodstuff. In a context of global change, it is currently a challenge to improve the management of viral pollutions in aquatic environments and thereby limit the contamination of vulnerable water bodies or foodstuffs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential of specific accumulation systems for improving the detection of NoV in water bodies, compared to direct water analyses. Passive samplers (Zetapor filters) and three species of bivalve molluscan shellfish (BMS) (Dreissena polymorpha, Mytilus edulis and Crassostreas gigas) were used as accumulation systems to determine their performance in monitoring continental and marine waters for viruses. F-specific RNA bacteriophages (FRNAPH) were also analyzed since they are described as indicators of NoV hazard in many studies. During a one-year study in a specific area frequently affected by fecal pollution, twelve campaigns of exposure of passive samplers and BMS in continental and coastal waters were conducted. Using suitable methods, NoV (genome) and FRNAPH (infectious and genome) were detected in these accumulation systems and in water at the same time points to determine the frequency of detection but also to gain a better understanding of viral pollution in this area. The reliability of FRNAPH as a NoV indicator was also investigated. Our results clearly showed that BMS were significantly better than passive samplers and direct water analyses for monitoring NoV and FRNAPH contamination in water bodies. A dilution of viral pollution between the continental and the coastal area was observed and can be explained by the distance from the source of the pollution. Viral pollution is clearly greater during the winter period, and stakeholders should take this into consideration in their attempts to limit the contamination of food and water. A significant correlation was once again shown between NoV and FRNAPH genomes in BMS, confirming the reliability of FRNAPH as a NoV indicator. Moreover, a strong correlation was observed between NoV genomes and infectious FRNAPH, suggesting recent viral pollution since infectious particles had not been inactivated at sufficient levels in the environment. More generally, this study shows the value of using BMS as an active method for improving knowledge on the behavior of viral contamination in water bodies, the ranking of the contamination sources, and the vulnerability of downstream water bodies.
摘要：
监测大陆和海洋水体中的致病性肠道病毒对于控制人群的病毒污染至关重要。人类诺罗病毒（NoV）是地表水和食品中存在的主要肠道病毒。在全球变化的背景下，目前，改善水生环境中病毒污染的管理，从而限制脆弱水体或食品的污染是一项挑战。这项研究的目的是评估特定积累系统的潜力，以改善水体中NoV的检测，与直接水分析相比。被动采样器（Zetapor过滤器）和三种双壳软体动物贝类（BMS）（Dreissenapolymorpha，Mytilusedulis和Crassostreasgigas）被用作积累系统，以确定它们在监测大陆和海水中的病毒方面的性能。还分析了F特异性RNA噬菌体(FRNAPH),因为它们在许多研究中被描述为NoV危害的指标。在一个经常受粪便污染影响的特定地区进行的为期一年的研究中，在大陆和沿海水域进行了12次被动采样器和BMS暴露运动。使用合适的方法，在这些积累系统和水中在同一时间点检测到NoV（基因组）和FRNAPH（感染性和基因组），以确定检测频率，同时也更好地了解该领域的病毒污染。还研究了FRNAPH作为NoV指标的可靠性。我们的结果清楚地表明，BMS在监测水体中NoV和FRNAPH污染方面明显优于被动采样器和直接水分析。观察到大陆和沿海地区之间病毒污染的稀释，可以用与污染源的距离来解释。病毒污染在冬季明显更大，利益攸关方在试图限制食物和水的污染时应该考虑到这一点。在BMS中，NoV和FRNAPH基因组之间再次显示出显著的相关性，确认FRNAPH作为NoV指标的可靠性。此外，在NoV基因组和感染性FRNAPH之间观察到了很强的相关性，这表明最近的病毒污染，因为感染性颗粒在环境中没有足够的水平被灭活。更一般地说,这项研究表明，使用BMS作为一种积极的方法来提高对水体中病毒污染行为的认识，污染源的排名，以及下游水体的脆弱性。
