PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
UNASSIGNED: Periodontal disease is a chronic inflammatory condition of the periodontium. It is the main cause of tooth loss and is considered one of the biggest threats to the oral cavity. Tobacco smoking has long been associated with increased risk for periodontal, peri-implant, and other medical diseases.
UNASSIGNED: To evaluate the effect of smoking and its level on periodontal clinical parameters (probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and the volume of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)) in healthy and chronic periodontitis individuals.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 160 participants were recruited in the present study, who were equally divided into the following five groups: healthy controls (C), healthy smokers (HS), nonsmokers with periodontitis (PNS), light smokers with periodontitis (PLS), and heavy smokers with periodontitis (PHS). GCF volume and periodontal clinical parameters (PD, PI, GI, CAL, and BOP) were assessed for each participant and compared between the study groups.
UNASSIGNED: There was a statistically significant difference in PD, PI, GI, CAL, and BOP between healthy and periodontitis patients (p < 0.001). The mean PI, PD, and CAL were considerably higher in heavy smokers than light smokers and non-smokers (P < 0.001). In contrast, the mean GI and BOP were significantly lower in heavy smokers than in light smokers and non-smokers. There was a statistically significant difference in GCF between healthy and periodontitis patients (p < 0.001). The mean GCF readings were higher in heavy smokers than light smokers or non-smokers (P < 0.001).
UNASSIGNED: The present study confirms the influence of smoking on periodontal clinical parameters. Smoking was associated with increased PD, PI, CAL, and GCF readings; however, GI and BOP were decreased in smokers. The number of cigarettes played a key role in the volume of GCF and periodontal clinical parameters.
UNASSIGNED: To evaluate the effect of smoking and its level on periodontal clinical parameters (probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), clinical attachment level (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and the volume of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF)) in healthy and chronic periodontitis individuals.
UNASSIGNED: A total of 160 participants were recruited in the present study, who were equally divided into the following five groups: healthy controls (C), healthy smokers (HS), nonsmokers with periodontitis (PNS), light smokers with periodontitis (PLS), and heavy smokers with periodontitis (PHS). GCF volume and periodontal clinical parameters (PD, PI, GI, CAL, and BOP) were assessed for each participant and compared between the study groups.
UNASSIGNED: There was a statistically significant difference in PD, PI, GI, CAL, and BOP between healthy and periodontitis patients (p < 0.001). The mean PI, PD, and CAL were considerably higher in heavy smokers than light smokers and non-smokers (P < 0.001). In contrast, the mean GI and BOP were significantly lower in heavy smokers than in light smokers and non-smokers. There was a statistically significant difference in GCF between healthy and periodontitis patients (p < 0.001). The mean GCF readings were higher in heavy smokers than light smokers or non-smokers (P < 0.001).
UNASSIGNED: The present study confirms the influence of smoking on periodontal clinical parameters. Smoking was associated with increased PD, PI, CAL, and GCF readings; however, GI and BOP were decreased in smokers. The number of cigarettes played a key role in the volume of GCF and periodontal clinical parameters.
摘要：
■牙周病是牙周组织的慢性炎症。它是牙齿脱落的主要原因，被认为是对口腔的最大威胁之一。长期以来，吸烟与牙周风险增加有关，种植体周围,和其他医学疾病。
■评估吸烟及其水平对牙周临床参数的影响（探查深度（PD），菌斑指数（PI），牙龈指数（GI），临床依恋水平(CAL)，探查出血(BOP),以及健康和慢性牙周炎个体的龈沟液（GCF）体积。
■本研究共招募了160名参与者，他们平均分为以下五组：健康对照(C)，健康吸烟者（HS），不吸烟者牙周炎（PNS），轻度吸烟者患有牙周炎（PLS），和患有牙周炎（PHS）的重度吸烟者。GCF体积和牙周临床参数（PD，PI,GI,CAL,和BOP）对每个参与者进行评估，并在研究组之间进行比较。
■PD有统计学上的显着差异，PI,GI,CAL,健康和牙周炎患者之间的BOP（p<0.001）。平均PI，PD,重度吸烟者和CAL显著高于轻度吸烟者和不吸烟者(P<0.001)。相比之下,重度吸烟者的平均GI和BOP显著低于轻度吸烟者和非吸烟者.健康患者和牙周炎患者之间的GCF差异有统计学意义（p<0.001）。重度吸烟者的平均GCF读数高于轻度吸烟者或非吸烟者（P<0.001）。
■本研究证实了吸烟对牙周临床参数的影响。吸烟与PD增加有关，PI,CAL,和GCF读数；然而，吸烟者的GI和BOP下降。香烟的数量在GCF的体积和牙周临床参数中起关键作用。
■评估吸烟及其水平对牙周临床参数的影响（探查深度（PD），菌斑指数（PI），牙龈指数（GI），临床依恋水平(CAL)，探查出血(BOP),以及健康和慢性牙周炎个体的龈沟液（GCF）体积。
■本研究共招募了160名参与者，他们平均分为以下五组：健康对照(C)，健康吸烟者（HS），不吸烟者牙周炎（PNS），轻度吸烟者患有牙周炎（PLS），和患有牙周炎（PHS）的重度吸烟者。GCF体积和牙周临床参数（PD，PI,GI,CAL,和BOP）对每个参与者进行评估，并在研究组之间进行比较。
■PD有统计学上的显着差异，PI,GI,CAL,健康和牙周炎患者之间的BOP（p<0.001）。平均PI，PD,重度吸烟者和CAL显著高于轻度吸烟者和不吸烟者(P<0.001)。相比之下,重度吸烟者的平均GI和BOP显著低于轻度吸烟者和非吸烟者.健康患者和牙周炎患者之间的GCF差异有统计学意义（p<0.001）。重度吸烟者的平均GCF读数高于轻度吸烟者或非吸烟者（P<0.001）。
■本研究证实了吸烟对牙周临床参数的影响。吸烟与PD增加有关，PI,CAL,和GCF读数；然而，吸烟者的GI和BOP下降。香烟的数量在GCF的体积和牙周临床参数中起关键作用。
