Abstract：
Full-scale anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) engineering applications are vastly limited by the sensitivity of anammox bacteria to the complex mainstream ambience factors. Therefore, it is of great necessity to comprehensively summarize and overcome performance-related challenges in mainstream anammox process at the macro/micro level, including the macroscopic process variable regulation and microscopic biological metabolic enhancement. This article systematically reviewed the recent important advances in the enrichment and retention of anammox bacteria and main factors affecting metabolic regulation under mainstream conditions, and proposed key strategies for the related performance optimization. The characteristics and behavior mechanism of anammox consortia in response to mainstream environment were then discussed in details, and we revealed that the synergistic nitrogen metabolism of multi-functional bacterial genera based on anammox microbiome was conducive to mainstream anammox nitrogen removal processes. Finally, the critical outcomes of anammox extracellular electron transfer (EET) at the micro level were well presented, carbon-based conductive materials or exogenous electron shuttles can stimulate and mediate anammox EET in mainstream environments to optimize system performance from a micro perspective. Overall, this review advances the extensive implementation of mainstream anammox practice in future as well as shedding new light on the related EET and microbial mechanisms.
摘要：
全范围厌氧氨氧化（anammox）工程应用受到anammox细菌对复杂主流环境因子的敏感性的极大限制。因此,在宏观/微观层面全面总结和克服主流厌氧氨氧化过程中与性能相关的挑战是非常必要的，包括宏观过程变量调节和微观生物代谢增强。本文系统综述了近年来在主流条件下厌氧氨氧化菌的富集和保留以及影响代谢调节的主要因素的重要进展,并提出了相关性能优化的关键策略。然后详细讨论了厌氧氨氧化财团响应主流环境的特性和行为机制，我们发现，基于厌氧氨氧化微生物组的多功能细菌属的协同氮代谢有利于主流厌氧氨氧化脱氮过程。最后,很好地呈现了厌氧氨氧化胞外电子转移（EET）在微观水平上的关键结果，碳基导电材料或外源电子穿梭可以刺激和介导主流环境中的厌氧氨氧化EET，从微观角度优化系统性能。总的来说,这篇综述推进了未来主流厌氧氨氧化实践的广泛实施，并为相关的EET和微生物机制提供了新的思路。
