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Abstract：
In ecotoxicology, evaluation of toxicities and no observed effect concentrations (NOEC) of test compounds in experimental fish is commonly based on molecular-, biochemical- and analytical chemistry analyses of organ/tissue samples and the assessment of (histo-) pathological lesions. Standardization of organ/tissue sampling locations, sample numbers, and sample processing contributes to warrant the reproducibility and inter- and intra-study comparability of analysis results. The present article provides the first comprehensive tissue sampling guidelines specifically adapted to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) as a frequently used fish species in ecotoxicological studies. A broad spectrum of ~40 different organs and tissues is covered. Appropriate sampling locations, sample sizes and sample numbers for subsequent routine histopathological evaluation (all organs/tissue) and for molecular analyses (~30 organs/tissues) are described in detail and illustrated with schematic drawings and representative macroscopic and histological images. These field-proven sampling guidelines were developed based on the pertinent literature and practical experience in ecotoxicological fish studies. They are intended to serve as a standard reference for any routine ecotoxicological study using rainbow trout as a test system. A broad application of the featured tissue sampling procedures will help to improve the reproducibility of analyses and to reduce inter- and intra-study variability induced by sampling bias and (normal) inter-sample morphological variation, and will therefore provide a robust basis for reliable characterization of toxicity and NOEC identification of diverse test substances and aquatic pollutants.
摘要：
在生态毒理学中，实验鱼中测试化合物的毒性和未观察到的效应浓度（NOEC）的评估通常基于分子-，器官/组织样品的生物化学和分析化学分析以及（组织）病理病变的评估。器官/组织采样位置的标准化，样本编号,样品处理有助于保证分析结果的可重复性和研究间和研究内的可比性。本文提供了第一个专门针对虹鳟鱼（Oncorhynchusmykiss）作为生态毒理学研究中常用的鱼类的综合组织采样指南。覆盖了约40种不同器官和组织的广谱。适当的采样位置，随后的常规组织病理学评估(所有器官/组织)和分子分析(约30个器官/组织)的样本量和样本量进行了详细描述,并用示意图和代表性的宏观和组织学图像进行了说明。这些经过现场验证的采样指南是根据生态毒理学鱼类研究的相关文献和实践经验制定的。它们旨在作为使用虹鳟鱼作为测试系统的任何常规生态毒理学研究的标准参考。特征组织采样程序的广泛应用将有助于提高分析的可重复性，并减少由采样偏差和（正常）样本间形态变异引起的研究间和研究内变异性。因此，将为毒性的可靠表征和不同测试物质和水生污染物的NOEC鉴定提供坚实的基础。
