PDF(Pubmed)
Abstract：
Background: Illicit drug use has become a global epidemic, yet it is unclear if drug smoking increases the risk of tobacco-related cancers.Objectives: We aimed to evaluate hypothesized associations between smoking three drugs - opium, phencyclidine (PCP) and crack cocaine and lung and upper aerodigestive tract (UADT) cancers.Methods: A population-based case-control study with 611 lung cancer cases (50% male), 601 UADT cancers cases (76% male), and 1,040 controls (60% male) was conducted in Los Angeles County (1999-2004). Epidemiologic data including drug smoking histories were collected in face-to-face interviews. Associations were estimated with logistic regressions.Results: Adjusting for potential confounders, ever vs. never crack smoking was positively associated with UADT cancers (aOR = 1.56, 95% CI: 1.05, 2.33), and a dose-response relationship was observed for lifetime smoking frequency (p for trend = .024). Heavy (> median) vs. never crack smoking was associated with UADT cancers (aOR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.07, 3.08) and lung cancer (aOR = 1.58, 95% CI: 0.88, 2.83). A positive association was also observed between heavy PCP smoking and UADT cancers (aOR = 2.29, 95% CI: 0.91, 5.79). Little or no associations were found between opium smoking and lung cancer or UADT cancers.Conclusion: The positive associations between illicit drug use and lung and/or UADT cancers suggest that smoking these drugs may increase the risk of tobacco-related cancers. Despite the low frequency of drug smoking and possible residual confounding, our findings may provide additional insights on the development of lung and UADT cancers.
摘要：
背景:非法吸毒已成为全球流行病,然而，目前尚不清楚吸烟是否会增加烟草相关癌症的风险。目标：我们旨在评估吸烟三种药物之间的假设关联-鸦片，苯环利定（PCP）和可卡因以及肺癌和上消化道（UADT）癌症。方法：一项基于人群的病例对照研究，纳入611例肺癌患者（50％为男性），601例UADT癌症病例（76%为男性），在洛杉矶县（1999-2004年）进行了1,040名对照（60％为男性）。在面对面访谈中收集了包括吸毒史在内的流行病学数据。用逻辑回归估计关联。结果：调整潜在的混杂因素，曾经与从不吸烟与UADT癌症呈正相关(aOR=1.56，95%CI：1.05，2.33)，并且观察到终生吸烟频率的剂量反应关系（趋势p=0.024）。重（>中位数）与从不吸烟与UADT癌症(aOR=1.81,95%CI:1.07,3.08)和肺癌(aOR=1.58,95%CI:0.88,2.83)相关。在重度PCP吸烟和UADT癌症之间也观察到正相关(aOR=2.29,95%CI:0.91,5.79)。在鸦片吸烟与肺癌或UADT癌症之间几乎没有或没有发现关联。结论：非法药物使用与肺癌和/或UADT癌症之间的正相关关系表明，吸烟这些药物可能会增加烟草相关癌症的风险。尽管吸毒的频率很低，而且可能存在残留的混杂因素，我们的发现可能为肺癌和UADT癌症的发展提供更多见解.
