Abstract：
The first nootropic prohibited in sport was fonturacetam (4-phenylpiracetam, carphedon) in 1998. Presented here 25 years later is a broad-scale consideration of the history, pharmacology, prevalence, regulations, and doping potential of nootropics viewed through a lens of 50 selected dietary supplements (DS) marketed as \"cognitive enhancement,\" \"brain health,\" \"brain boosters,\" or \"nootropics,\" with a focus on unauthorized ingredients. Nootropic DS have risen to prominence over the last decade often as multicomponent formulations of bioactive ingredients presenting compelling pharmacological questions and potential public health concerns. Many popular nootropics are unauthorized food or DS ingredients according to the European Commission including huperzine A, yohimbine, and dimethylaminoethanol; unapproved pharmaceuticals like phenibut or emoxypine (mexidol); previously registered drugs like meclofenoxate or reserpine; EU authorized pharmaceuticals like piracetam or vinpocetine; infamous doping agents like methylhexaneamine or dimethylbutylamine; and other investigational substances and peptides. Several are authorized DS ingredients in the United States resulting in significant global variability as to what qualifies as a legal nootropic. Prohibited stimulants or ß2-agonists commonly used in \"pre-workout,\" \"weight loss,\" or \"thermogenic\" DS such as octodrine, hordenine, or higenamine are often stacked with nootropic substances. While stimulants and ß2-agonists are defined as doping agents by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), many nootropics are not, although some may qualify as non-approved substances or related substances under catch-all language in the WADA Prohibited List. Synergistic combinations, excessive dosing, or recently researched pharmacology may justify listing certain nootropics as doping agents or warrant additional attention in future regulations.
摘要：
运动中禁止的第一种促智药是fonturacetam（4-苯基吡拉西坦，carphedon)在1998年。25年后在这里提出的是对历史的广泛考虑，药理学,患病率,法规,以及通过50种选定的膳食补充剂（DS）的镜头观察到的促智药的掺杂潜力，这些膳食补充剂（DS）被销售为“认知增强”，“大脑健康，“\”大脑助推器，\“或\”营养剂，“专注于未经授权的成分。促智药DS在过去十年中经常作为生物活性成分的多组分制剂而引起人们的重视，这些制剂提出了令人信服的药理学问题和潜在的公共卫生问题。根据欧盟委员会的说法，许多流行的促智药是未经授权的食物或DS成分，包括石杉碱A，育亨宾,和二甲基氨基乙醇；未经批准的药物，如苯尼丁或埃莫司平（美西多）；以前注册的药物，如甲氯芬酯或利血平；欧盟授权的药物，如吡拉西坦或长春西汀；臭名昭著的兴奋剂，如甲基己胺或二甲基丁胺；和其他研究物质和肽。在美国，有几种是经授权的DS成分，导致关于什么才是合法的促智药的全球差异很大。禁止的兴奋剂或β2-激动剂通常用于锻炼前，\"\"减肥，\"或\"热原\"DS如八己碱，hordenine,或higenamine通常与促智药物质堆叠在一起。世界反兴奋剂机构（WADA）将兴奋剂和β2激动剂定义为兴奋剂，许多营养药物不是，尽管有些可能符合WADA禁用清单中通用语言的非批准物质或相关物质。协同组合，过量的剂量,或最近研究的药理学可能证明将某些促智药列为兴奋剂是合理的，或者在未来的法规中需要额外的关注。
