Abstract：
OBJECTIVE: To analyze the current information about laser safety in retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS), focusing on the two main laser technologies that we use in urology, the holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) laser, and the thulium fiber laser (TFL).
METHODS: Narrative overview of the most relevant articles published in MEDLINE and Scopus databases about this subject.
RESULTS: TFL and Ho:YAG laser at similar settings (0.2 J/40 Hz) have similar volume-averaged temperature increase and the average heating rate increase proportionally to laser power, especially when high frequencies are used. Recent preclinical data, comparing both laser technologies at different laser settings, agreed that when the delivered energy increases in expenses of higher frequencies, the thermal damage increases too. Higher frequencies, despite of the rise of temperature in the irrigation medium, can cause accidental thermal lasering lesions.
CONCLUSIONS: The use of low frequency settings and a proper irrigation is critical to avoid thermal injury in endoscopic laser lithotripsy. In addition, the use of laser safety eyeglasses is recommended in Ho:YAG and TFL ELL.
METHODS: Narrative overview of the most relevant articles published in MEDLINE and Scopus databases about this subject.
RESULTS: TFL and Ho:YAG laser at similar settings (0.2 J/40 Hz) have similar volume-averaged temperature increase and the average heating rate increase proportionally to laser power, especially when high frequencies are used. Recent preclinical data, comparing both laser technologies at different laser settings, agreed that when the delivered energy increases in expenses of higher frequencies, the thermal damage increases too. Higher frequencies, despite of the rise of temperature in the irrigation medium, can cause accidental thermal lasering lesions.
CONCLUSIONS: The use of low frequency settings and a proper irrigation is critical to avoid thermal injury in endoscopic laser lithotripsy. In addition, the use of laser safety eyeglasses is recommended in Ho:YAG and TFL ELL.
摘要：
目的：分析当前有关逆行肾内手术（RIRS）中激光安全性的信息，专注于我们在泌尿外科使用的两种主要激光技术，钬:钇铝石榴石(Ho:YAG)激光器，和thu光纤激光器（TFL）。
方法：在MEDLINE和Scopus数据库中发表的关于该主题的最相关文章的叙事概述。
结果：TFL和Ho：YAG激光器在相似的设置（0.2J/40Hz）下具有相似的体积平均温度升高，平均加热速率与激光功率成比例增加，特别是当使用高频时。最近的临床前数据，比较两种激光技术在不同的激光设置，同意当传递的能量在更高频率的费用中增加时，热损伤也会增加。更高的频率，尽管灌溉介质中的温度升高，会导致意外的热激光损伤。
结论：使用低频设置和适当的冲洗对于避免内窥镜激光碎石术中的热损伤至关重要。此外,Ho:YAG和TFLELL建议使用激光安全眼镜。
方法：在MEDLINE和Scopus数据库中发表的关于该主题的最相关文章的叙事概述。
结果：TFL和Ho：YAG激光器在相似的设置（0.2J/40Hz）下具有相似的体积平均温度升高，平均加热速率与激光功率成比例增加，特别是当使用高频时。最近的临床前数据，比较两种激光技术在不同的激光设置，同意当传递的能量在更高频率的费用中增加时，热损伤也会增加。更高的频率，尽管灌溉介质中的温度升高，会导致意外的热激光损伤。
结论：使用低频设置和适当的冲洗对于避免内窥镜激光碎石术中的热损伤至关重要。此外,Ho:YAG和TFLELL建议使用激光安全眼镜。
