Abstract：
The question of why females engage in extra-pair behaviors is long-standing in evolutionary biology. One suggestion is that these behaviors are maintained through pleiotropic effects on male extra-pair behaviors (genes controlling extra-pair reproduction are shared between sexes, but only beneficial to one sex, in this case, males). However, for this to evolve extra-pair reproduction must be both heritable and positively genetically correlated between sexes. Previous studies have suggested low heritability with no evidence for between-sex genetic correlations in extra-pair reproduction. However, these have not considered indirect genetic effects (derived from the behavior of others, IGEs) from the social partner, the influence of the social partner\'s genotype on the phenotype of an individual, despite the potential of IGEs to uncover hidden heritable variation. Using data from a closed-house sparrow population with a genetic pedigree spanning two decades, we tested the influence of social partner IGEs on heritable variation and genetic correlation estimates of extra-pair reproduction. We found that the inclusion of IGEs resulted in larger heritable genetic variance for both male and female extra-pair heritability. While IGEs did not change between-sex genetic correlations, we found they reduced uncertainty in those estimates. Future studies should consider the effect of IGEs on the mechanisms of sex-specific extra-pair reproduction.
摘要：
为什么女性从事配对行为的问题在进化生物学中长期存在。一个建议是，这些行为是通过对男性配对外行为的多效性作用来维持的（控制配对外繁殖的基因在性别之间共享，但只对一种性别有益，在这种情况下,male).然而,为此，要进化成对繁殖必须是可遗传的，并且在性别之间具有正遗传相关性。先前的研究表明，遗传力较低，没有证据表明配对生殖中的性别间遗传相关性。然而,这些没有考虑间接遗传效应(源自他人的行为，IGE)来自社会伙伴，社会伴侣的基因型对个体表型的影响，尽管IGE有可能发现隐藏的遗传变异。使用来自封闭的麻雀种群的数据，其遗传谱系跨越二十年，我们检验了社会伴侣IGEs对配对外繁殖的遗传变异和遗传相关估计的影响.我们发现，包含IGE会导致雄性和雌性配对遗传力的可遗传遗传变异更大。虽然IGE没有改变性别间的遗传相关性，我们发现它们降低了这些估计的不确定性。未来的研究应考虑IGEs对性别特异性配对生殖机制的影响。
