Abstract：
Forensic DNA Phenotyping (FDP) comprises the prediction of a person\'s externally visible characteristics regarding appearance, biogeographic ancestry and age from DNA of crime scene samples, to provide investigative leads to help find unknown perpetrators that cannot be identified with forensic STR-profiling. In recent years, FDP has advanced considerably in all of its three components, which we summarize in this review article. Appearance prediction from DNA has broadened beyond eye, hair and skin color to additionally comprise other traits such as eyebrow color, freckles, hair structure, hair loss in men, and tall stature. Biogeographic ancestry inference from DNA has progressed from continental ancestry to sub-continental ancestry detection and the resolving of co-ancestry patterns in genetically admixed individuals. Age estimation from DNA has widened beyond blood to more somatic tissues such as saliva and bones as well as new markers and tools for semen. Technological progress has allowed forensically suitable DNA technology with largely increased multiplex capacity for the simultaneous analysis of hundreds of DNA predictors with targeted massively parallel sequencing (MPS). Forensically validated MPS-based FDP tools for predicting from crime scene DNA i) several appearance traits, ii) multi-regional ancestry, iii) several appearance traits together with multi-regional ancestry, and iv) age from different tissue types, are already available. Despite recent advances that will likely increase the impact of FDP in criminal casework in the near future, moving reliable appearance, ancestry and age prediction from crime scene DNA to the level of detail and accuracy police investigators may desire, requires further intensified scientific research together with technical developments and forensic validations as well as the necessary funding.
摘要：
法医DNA表型（FDP）包括预测一个人的外部可见特征有关的外观，来自犯罪现场样本DNA的生物地理血统和年龄，提供调查线索，以帮助找到无法通过法医STR配置文件识别的未知肇事者。近年来,FDP在其三个组成部分中都取得了长足的进步，我们在这篇综述文章中总结了这一点。DNA的外观预测已经超出了人们的视线，头发和皮肤颜色还包括其他特征，如眉毛颜色，雀斑,头发结构,男性脱发,和高大的身材。从DNA的生物地理血统推断已从大陆血统发展到次大陆血统检测以及遗传混合个体中共同血统模式的解决。从DNA的年龄估计已经从血液扩展到更多的体细胞组织，如唾液和骨骼，以及新的标记和精液工具。技术进步使法医学上合适的DNA技术具有大大增加的多重容量，可通过靶向大规模平行测序（MPS）同时分析数百个DNA预测因子。经过取证验证的基于MPS的FDP工具，可从犯罪现场DNA中进行预测i）几种外观特征，ii)多地区血统，iii）几种外观特征以及多地区血统，和iv)来自不同组织类型的年龄，已经可用。尽管最近取得的进展可能会在不久的将来增加FDP在刑事案件工作中的影响，移动可靠的外观，从犯罪现场DNA到警察调查人员可能希望的细节和准确性的祖先和年龄预测，需要进一步加强科学研究，技术发展和法医验证以及必要的资金。
