Abstract：
BACKGROUND: this study describes the development of a female finite element thermoregulatory model (FETM) METHOD: the female body model was developed from medical image datasets of a median U.S. female and was constructed to be anatomically correct. The body model preserves the geometric shapes of 13 organs and tissues, including skin, muscles, fat, bones, heart, lungs, brain, bladder, intestines, stomach, kidneys, liver, and eyes. Heat balance within the body is described by the bio-heat transfer equation. Heat exchange at the skin surface includes conduction, convection, radiation, and sweat evaporation. Vasodilation, vasoconstriction, sweating, and shivering are controlled by afferent and efferent signals to and from the skin and hypothalamus.
RESULTS: the model was validated with measured physiological data during exercise and rest in thermoneutral, hot, and cold conditions. Validations show the model predicted the core temperature (rectal and tympanic temperatures) and mean skin temperatures with acceptable accuracy (within 0.5 °C and 1.6 °C, respectively) CONCLUSION: this female FETM predicted high spatial resolution temperature distribution across the female body, which provides quantitative insights into human thermoregulatory responses in females to non-uniform and transient environmental exposure.
RESULTS: the model was validated with measured physiological data during exercise and rest in thermoneutral, hot, and cold conditions. Validations show the model predicted the core temperature (rectal and tympanic temperatures) and mean skin temperatures with acceptable accuracy (within 0.5 °C and 1.6 °C, respectively) CONCLUSION: this female FETM predicted high spatial resolution temperature distribution across the female body, which provides quantitative insights into human thermoregulatory responses in females to non-uniform and transient environmental exposure.
摘要：
背景：这项研究描述了女性有限元体温调节模型（FETM）方法的开发：女性身体模型是从美国中位女性的医学图像数据集开发的，并且在解剖学上是正确的。身体模型保留了13个器官和组织的几何形状，包括皮肤,肌肉,脂肪，骨头,心,肺,大脑,膀胱,肠子,胃,肾脏，肝脏,和眼睛。体内的热平衡由生物传热方程描述。皮肤表面的热交换包括传导，对流,辐射,和汗水蒸发。血管舒张,血管收缩,出汗,发抖是由来自皮肤和下丘脑的传入和传出信号控制的。
结果：该模型在运动和休息时测得的生理数据进行了验证，热,和寒冷的条件。验证显示模型预测的核心温度（直肠和鼓室温度）和平均皮肤温度具有可接受的准确性（在0.5°C和1.6°C，分别）结论：该女性FETM预测了整个女性身体的高空间分辨率温度分布，它提供了对女性对非均匀和瞬时环境暴露的人类体温调节反应的定量见解。
结果：该模型在运动和休息时测得的生理数据进行了验证，热,和寒冷的条件。验证显示模型预测的核心温度（直肠和鼓室温度）和平均皮肤温度具有可接受的准确性（在0.5°C和1.6°C，分别）结论：该女性FETM预测了整个女性身体的高空间分辨率温度分布，它提供了对女性对非均匀和瞬时环境暴露的人类体温调节反应的定量见解。
